熊昌锟

关键词：清末民初;官银号;省银行;改制

摘 要：清中后期，为了调控银钱并行的货币制度，通过银钱比价稳定财政收入，地方政府纷纷设立官银号。各省官银号因滥发纸币、管理混乱等痼疾，对当时的金融秩序造成严重破坏。中央政府要求各省对官银号进行整顿和改制，而地方当局也希望官银号改制银行后能发挥更重要的金融作用。改制过程中，各省官银号虽尝试向现代银行的转变，但官股仍占重要比例，商股从无到有，却无法起到更大作用，甚至被迫退出。另一方面中央政府企图将各省银行改为中央银行分行，进行垂直管理，各省不甘财权旁落，拒绝中央要求，双方为此进行了多番博弈。官银号因改制不彻底，存在无法克服的弊病。但是，官银号向银行的过渡，却是走向现代金融机构的必然途径。

中图分类号：F129文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2435（2021）02-0100-08

Multi-Party Competition in the Transformation of the Official Bank Account into the Modern Bank in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

XIONG Chang-kun （Institute of Economics，Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Beijing 100836，China）

Key words：late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China;official bank account;provincial bank;restructure

Abstract：In the middle and late of the Qing dynasty，in order to regulate the monetary system of silver and copper，and stabilize the fiscal revenue through the price comparison between silver and copper，the provincial governments set up official banks one after another. However，due to chronic diseases such as excessive issuance of banknotes and disordered management，the financial order of provincial official banks has been seriously damaged. The central government required the provinces to restructure and transform the official bank account into the modern bank which could play a more important financial role. In the process of restructuring，although the provincial official banks tried to change to modern banks，the official share still accounted for an important proportion and the newly-emerged business share could not play a greater role and were eventually forced to quit. On the other hand，the central government aimed to achieve vertical management by making the provincial banks the branches of the central bank while provinces rejected the central governments request in consideration of controlling financial rights. Therefore，there existed insurmountable drawbacks due to the incomplete restructuring. The transition from the official bank to the modern bank is an inevitable way to modern financial institutions.

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清季，各省紛纷设立官银号等机构，发行银钱兑换券、经理货币兑换，并逐步具备了银行的部分职能。然而，各官银号并无严格的货币发行制度，加之管理制度混乱，不利于中央统一财政，因此在1905年后，清廷要求各省官银号依据《公司律》，参照外商银行的章程，采用股份有限公司的组织形式，将官银号改制为省银行。[1]225-226各省官银号的改制过程，虽因具体情形存在差异，但均采取吸纳商股、按股分红等形式，这表明晚清以来现代企业制度的萌发，对于传统金融机构转型的积极引导意义。不过改制过程中存在不少问题，致使清末民初的尝试多遭失败，直到20世纪30年代才初步建立起现代银行体系。……