涂星 徐新华 张燕 阮清锋 郜红利 袁成玉

[摘要]采用典型樣地调查法，对恩施地区下属不同县市地区的野生竹节参的分布特点、种群密度、生存土壤情况和伴生植物群落特征等进行研究，发现野生竹节参主要分布在东经29°—30°、北纬108°—110°，海拔1 000～1 500 m较湿润的林下、沟边或次生林的高草丛中，种群密度较低；其着生的土壤以黄棕壤、黄壤和红壤为主，以潮土和腐殖土为主，腐殖土厚度5～30 cm，pH 60～68，含水量168%～242%，土壤容重139～212；其所处植被类型主要为常绿针叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿针叶落叶阔叶混交林，其群落结构包括乔木、灌木和草本3个层次；伴生植物中种子植物总计有86科118属134种，乔木层共有15科21属26种，群落的优势种主要是松科植物如马尾松、油松和巴山松和杉科植物如杉木、柳杉等；灌木层39科54属62种，以油茶、刺楸、三叶木通、扇棕、圆叶鼠李、光叶菝葜等为优势植物种类；草本层32科43属46种，蕨类植物如黑足鳞毛蕨、绵马贯众、尖齿凤丫蕨、三叉耳蕨、掌叶铁线蕨、峨眉蕨贯众、岩蕨、狗脊蕨优势极大；地被层覆盖有大量的地衣和苔藓。其中，马尾松、油松、巴山松、蕨类、地衣和苔藓可作为恩施地区野生竹节参的指示植物。表明野生竹节参对生态环境的要求较高，其伴生植物群落特征以乔木层灌木层草本层为主，垂直结构较明显，可依据研究成果实现野生竹节参的驯化和资源保护。

[关键词]野生竹节参；生态环境；伴生植物；群落特征；垂直结构

[Abstract]The paper is aimed to study the distribution， population density， soil conditions and community characteristics of accompanying plants in Enshi subregional different areas， with a typical habitats investigation method The results showed that the wild Panax japonicus mainly distributed in moist places under the forests， by streams， or secondary forests of high grass， within east longitude 29°30°， north latitude 108°110°and about 1 00015 00 meters above sea level The soils were mainly tide soil and humus with yellowbrown soil， yellow soil and red soil， and the humus thickness was530 centimeter， pH 6068， the moisture content of 168%242%， soil bulk density of 139212 Its geographical vegetation types were mainly evergreen coniferous forest， evergreendeciduous mixture broad leaved forest and evergreen coniferous forest mixed deciduous broadleaved forest， including three levels community structure of arbors， shrubs and herbaceous； Its accompanying plants reached 86 families， 118 genera， 134 species of seed plants， the arbors included 15 families， 21 genera， 26 species and the dominant species community mainly Pinaceae such as Pinus massoniana， P tabuliformis， P henryi and Taxodiaceae such as Cunninghamia lanceolata， Cryptomeria fortunei etc The shrubs included 39 families， 54 genera， 62 species with the dominant species such as Camellia oleifera， Kalopanax septemlobus， Akebia trifoliata， Trachycarpusfortunei， Rhamnus globosa， Smilax corbularia and so on The herbaceous included 32 families， 43 genera， 46 species， and Ferns such as the blackfooted Dryopteris， Dryopteris crassirhizom， Coniogramme affinis， Polystichum tripteron， Adiantum pedatum， Lunathyrium acrostichoides， Woodsia ilvensis and Woodwardia japonica were dominant species The cover layer covered a large number of lichens and mosses The wild P japonicus can be found among the P massoniana， P tabuliformis， P henryi， lichens and mosses These may indicate that the wild P japonicusin Enshi requires higher demands on the ecological environment， its accompanying plants are mainly the tree layershrub layerherb layer， and vertical structure is obvious The study provides a basis for domestication and conservation of P japonicus resources

[Key words]wild Panax japonicus； ecological environment； accompanying plants′； community characteristics； vertical structure

doi：10.4268/cjcmm20160905

竹节参为五加科植物人参属多年生植物竹节参Panax japonicus C A Mey的干燥根茎，别名竹节三七、竹节人参、白三七等，史载于《本草纲目拾遗》[12]。……