对初中物理教材中类比法引入电压的一点看法
2015-08-18路永宁
路永宁



摘 要:从对初中物理的教学实践的反复比较研究中,发现对电压概念的教学过程已经不太适合学生的学习,我们应该,也必须从新课程标准的不断学习和领悟中,从对学生的了解中,不断提高我们对教材的把握能力。
关键词:初中物理;电压;类比;义务教育物理课程标准
中图分类号:G633.7 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-6148(2015)6-0036-3
德国哲学家黑格尔曾给类比方法以这样的评价:“类比的方法应在经验科学中占很高的地位,而且科学家也曾按照这种推论方法获得很重要的结果。”在初中物理教学中,我们也经常用到类比,而且从中受益。但是,在我们的教学中有时也会不太恰当地应用“类比”。比如,初中物理教材中关于“电压”的引入时,所应用的“类比”就不是很适合。
关于电压的引入,不同版本的教材,表述的内容和方法不同,下面列出四种版本的教材的“电压”引入:
1.苏科版教材(九年级上册第十三章第四节)中是这样引入的:如图1【原文为图13-25(a)】所示,水管中水流的形成是由于水管两端存在着水压差,而水泵的作用是不断地将水从乙处抽到甲处,使水管两端维持一定的水压差。与此类似,电路中电流的形成是由于电路两端存在电压。电源的作用就是维持正、负极间有一定的电压,如图1【原文为图13-25(b)】所示。
4.Applied Physics(美国的一种版本的原版教材)
The source is the object that supplies electric energy for the flow of electric charge (electrons) in a circuit. The dry cell is a device that converts chemical energy to electric energy. How the cell does this will be studied later in this chapter. Here, we simply state that, by chemical action, electrons are given energy in the cell. When energy is given to electrons in this manner, their electric potential energy is raised.
What does “electric potential energy” mean? The flow of charge in an electric circuit is often compared to the flow of water in a hydraulic system, as shown in【Fig.16.19(b)】.(见本文图3) Water naturally flows from a position of high potential to a position of low potential and performs work in the process, such as turning a waterwheel or turbine. A pump is needed to return the water from its low-potential position to its high-potential position. There is a difference in potential due to its position. Work has been done in lifting it against gravity to the higher position. In a source of electric energy something similar happens. In the source (the battery), work is done on electrons that gives them potential energy. This potential difference between the high-potential energy energized electrons [ at the negative (-) pole] and the low-potential energy electrons [at the positive( (+) pole] causes the electrons to flow from one point (-) to the other (+) when connected【Fig.16.19(a)】(见本文图4)
首先,我们来了解一下类比的基本特征。类比是一种逻辑推理,也是抽象思维的一种基本形式,它通过联想,把未知的、异常的研究对象和熟悉的、寻常的事物进行对比,然后依据两个对象具有的共同的性质推出研究对象具有相应性质的一种方法。……