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药用植物在水产养殖动物病原防控中的应用进展

2021-11-03李鹏飞刘明珠肖贺贺余庆许尤厚

南方农业学报 2021年7期
关键词:药用植物作用机制

李鹏飞 刘明珠 肖贺贺 余庆 许尤厚

摘要:藥用植物富含多糖、生物碱、类黄酮、挥发油、有机酸和单宁等活性成分,以及氨基酸、碳水化合物、矿物质和维生素等营养成分,相对于传统的抗生素,具有天然、高效、价廉、无毒或毒性较低、易获得及对养殖动物和环境副作用小等优点,且药用植物及其提取物成分制成的药物一般很少产生耐药性,被认为是抗生素的有效替代品。鉴于药用植物有效成分在水产养殖及其疫病防控领域的应用价值,文章重点综述药用植物抗水产养殖细菌性病原、病毒性病原和寄生虫病原,以及作为免疫增强剂调节水产养殖动物机体等方面的最新研究进展,发现当前我国渔用药用植物功能产品多而不强,在水产养殖应用过程中还存在以下问题:①药用植物有效成分的生物利用度受生长阶段和生长地点的影响,其准确用药剂量难以确定;②针对药用植物作用机制的研究相对很少,传统复方制剂成分复杂,不同药用植物间的协同或拮抗作用机制尚未明确;③相同品种不同产地的中药材质量不一致,实际用药过程中的药效差异明显。因此,今后应针对药用植物的有效成分、作用机制、使用方式、组合配比和复方剂型,以及中药材的质量控制等方面开展深入研究,充分发挥药用植物在水产养殖及其疫病防控中的作用和价值,利用药用植物研制开发出一批高效的绿色抗病渔药产品,大幅度提高化学药物替代率,有效降低水产养殖病害造成的损失,以保障我国水产养殖业的高质量发展。

关键词: 药用植物;水产动物;病原防控;高质化养殖;作用机制

中图分类号: S948                            文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2021)07-2015-10

Application of medicinal plants in prevention and control of aquatic animal pathogens

LI Peng-fei1,2, LIU Ming-zhu1, XIAO He-he1, YU Qing1, XU You-hou3

(1Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences/Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology, Nanning  530007, China;

2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Nanning  530007, China; 3College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf

Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Qinzhou, Guangxi  535011,  China)

Abstract:Medicinal plants are rich in active ingredients, including polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids, tannins, as well as nutrients such as amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Compared to traditional antibiotics, medicinal plants have the excellent advantages of being natural, efficient, cheap, nontoxic or less toxic, easy to obtain, and having little side effects on farmed animals and the cultured environment. Moreover, drugs prepared from medicinal plants and their extracts rarely produce drug resistance, which is considered as an effective substitute for antibiotics. In view of the application values of effective medicinal plants ingredients against diseases in aquaculture, this paper focused on the latest research progress of medicinal plants in combating bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens in aquaculture, and serve as an immunopotentiators to regulate aquaculture animals. It was noting that, at pre-sent, there were many medicinal plants-based fishery functional products in China, but they were not strong in effects. Moreover, the following problems still existed in the application of these products in aquaculture. ① The bioavailability of active ingredients of medicinal plants was affected by the growth stage and place, and it was difficult to identify the exact dosage of medication. ② Researches on the action mechanism of medicinal plants were relatively rare, the components of traditional compound medicinal plants preparations were complex, and the mechanisms of synergy and antagonism between different medicinal plants were not clear yet. ③ The quality of Chinese herbal medicines of the same variety and different producing areas was inconsistent, and the efficacy differences were obvious in actual use. Therefore, in the future, in-depth researches should be carried out on the effective components, action mechanism, use mode, combination ratio and compound dosage forms of medicinal plants, as well as the quality control of Chinese medicinal herbs, so as to give full play to the role and value of medicinal plants in aquatic diseases prevention and control, and further develop a group of high-efficient green disease-resistant fishery medicines by using medicinal plants. It could greatly improve the substitution rate of chemical drugs, and effectively reduce the losses caused by aquatic diseases, so as to ensure the high-quality development of aquaculture in China.

Key words: medicinal plants;  aquatic livestock; pathogen prevention and control; high-quality aquaculture; action mechanism

Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China(41966004);Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2020GXNSFBA297161,2018GXNSFBA281011);Basic Research Project of Guangxi Academy of Sciences(2019YJJ 1005)

0 引言

我國药用植物资源极其丰富,将药用植物用于疾病治疗已有数千年历史(Tan and Vanitha,2004;Shi et al.,2012;Wang et al.,2015;李鹏飞等,2019)。药用植物一般含有动物机体生长所必需的多种活性物质及营养成分,且能对动物机体实行多功能和全面性调节。药用植物中含有的活性成分包括多糖、生物碱、类黄酮、挥发油、有机酸和单宁,以及氨基酸、碳水化合物、矿物质和维生素等营养成分(陈佳佳等,2011;Hai,2015),将这些有效成分添加至饲料中可作为诱食剂或生长促进剂,增加动物食欲,促进机体新陈代谢和动物生长(王裕玉等,2010;朱国霞等,2010;Citarasu,2010;Awad and Awaad,2017;李鹏飞等,2018)。除此之外,药用植物可作为抗菌剂、抗病毒药物和免疫增强剂,提高动物机体免疫力,有效防控各类疫病病原(Kirubakaran et al.,2010;Harikrishnan et al.,2011a;Reverter et al.,2014;石国军,2017;Stra-tev et al.,2018)。相对于传统的抗生素,药用植物具有天然、高效、价廉、无毒或毒性较低、易获得及对养殖动物和环境副作用小等优点(苏雪等,2009;Zhang et al.,2014;Kwon et al.,2015),且药用植物及其提取物成分制成的药物制剂一般很少产生耐药性,被认为是抗生素的有效替代品(张兵峰,2008;Shang et al.,2011;Syahidah et al.,2015;周雄等,2016)。鉴于药用植物有效成分在水产养殖及其疫病防控领域的应用价值,本文重点综述药用植物抗水产养殖细菌性病原、病毒性病原和寄生虫病原,以及作为免疫增强剂调节水产养殖动物机体等方面的最新研究进展,并对药用植物在水产养殖动物病原防控及高质化养殖方面的发展前景进行展望,以期为利用药用植物研发高效的绿色抗病渔药产品提供参考依据。

1 水产养殖动物病原概述

近年来,全球水产养殖产量迅猛增长。据统计,2018年世界鱼类产量约1.79亿t,水产养殖业产值约占渔业总产值的47%。我国是世界最大的鱼类生产国和出口国,也是世界上唯一养殖水产品总量超过捕捞总量的主要渔业国。我国水产养殖种类丰富,包括鱼类、贝类、甲壳类及水生植物等(李立华,2016;贾博,2017;贾光风,2018)。2019年我国的海水水产养殖产量超过2000万t,淡水水产养殖产量超过3000万t(农业农业部渔业渔政管理局等,2019)。随着水产养殖密度的增加、养殖规模的扩大及工业化和城市化进程的加快,水产养殖环境日趋恶化,各类养殖病害问题日益严峻,所有水产养殖品种均会受到病害侵袭。病毒、细菌、寄生虫和真菌是水产养殖中常见的病原体(李鹏飞等,2018,2019),对我国水产养殖业危害较严重的传染性疾病主要有:(1)病毒性疾病。病毒性疾病对水产养殖危害大,究其原因是导致病毒性疾病的各类病原体感染力强且传播速度快,主要包括鱼类病毒性出血症病毒(杜佳垠,2007)、传染性胰腺坏死病毒(王旭等,2010)、病毒性神经坏死症病毒(Li et al.,2018;Yu et al.,2019a)和虹彩病毒(Xiao et al.,2019)等,虾类的桃拉病毒(黎铭等,2008),以及一些贝类病毒(艾海新等,2004)。(2)细菌性疾病。水体环境恶化极易促进细菌的滋生和传播,因此致病性细菌也是水产养殖中的主要病原体,能导致鱼类白皮病(吴天靖,2004)、烂鳃病(柳富荣,2007)、竖鳞病(黄钧等,2012)、腹水病(韦昌用等,2014)及虾类和贝类弧菌病(李国等,2008;黄海坤,2013)。(3)真菌性疾病,包括虾类链壶菌病(徐晓津和王军,2002)及鱼类水霉病(张珏,2017)等。(4)寄生虫疾病,危害严重的寄生虫包括寄生在鱼类体表的小瓜虫和本尼登虫等(杨舒婷和杨志彪,2013),以及寄生于虾蟹类的固着类纤毛虫等(廖国礼,2007)。

2 药用植物在水产病原防控领域的应用

随着水产养殖规模的不断扩大及养殖密度的持续增加,水产养殖环境日趋恶化,各类水产养殖病原相继出现且频繁暴发,导致水产养殖损失惨重。化学药物防治具有经济、高效、易操作等优点,是目前控制水产疫病最主要的手段,但长期滥用极易诱导病原微生物产生严重的耐药性,给社会公共卫生安全带来隐患。我国传统的药用植物种类繁多、资源丰富,且多种药用植物具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗氧化、促进激素平衡及调节机体免疫等功效(Hai,2015;Qiu et al.,2020;Song et al.,2020)。近年来,将药用植物应用于水产疫病防控领域的研究越来越多,基于传统药用植物开发有效抗病害药物制剂的研究日益受到重视(李鹏飞等,2018;刘明珠等,2019a,2019b;肖贺贺等,2019),且有望成为抗生素类药品的有效替代品(Reverter et al.,2014;Stratev et al.,2018)。与化学药物相比,药用植物不仅具有抗菌、抗病毒、促进动物生长和有效提高机体免疫力等功能(表1),且具有应用范围广、不易产生耐药性、可降解及不会造成水体环境污染等优点。提取药用植物中具有抗菌或抗病毒作用的天然活性成分,并对其抗病机制进行深入研究,已成为国内外学者开展高质化水产养殖的研究热点(Yang et al.,2016;Zeng,2017;Liu et al.,2019,2020a,2020b)。

药用植物在水产养殖方面的作用主要表现为:(1)抗病害作用。已有研究表明,大黄(Rheum palmatum L.)所含成分以蒽醌类衍生物居多,其中大黄酸、大黄素和芦荟大黄素等是发挥抗菌效果的有效成分,除了具有良好的抗菌效果外,大黄在促进血小板黏附和聚集、收敛及致泻等方面也具有显著疗效,可用于防治草鱼的出血病、烂鳃病和白头白嘴病等(王玉堂,2014);地锦草(Euphorbia humifusa Willd)富含没食子酸和黄酮类化合物等活性成分,具有抑菌杀菌的功效,同时能中和毒素及止血,在治疗肠炎和烂鳃等鱼病时效果显著(石国军,2017)。(2)增强机体自身免疫功能作用。水产动物已具备较完善的免疫系统,药用植物中的皂苷类、多糖类和挥发油类等活性成分可作为免疫增强剂,通过促进溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、血清蛋白及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等免疫因子产生,提高鱼体的体液和细胞免疫,而增强抗病能力。刘明珠等(2019b)研究证实,莪术(Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. Liang)水提物能有效提高卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)细胞的SOD和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)等免疫相关酶的活力。(3)促进机体生长发育作用。药用植物本身就富含维生素、纤维及矿物质等多种营养物质,不仅可作为水产动物的饲料营养补充剂,提高饲料转化率,还能提高饲料的适口性,有效促进水产动物的摄食和生长发育(龍学军,2011)。王裕玉等(2010)研究发现,陈皮、山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.)、丁香(Syringa oblata Lindl.)、杜仲(Eucammia ulmoidex Oliver)和五味子(Schisandra chinensis)的水提物能刺激鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的味觉和嗅觉,促进其摄食,并证实是这些药用植物中的游离氨基酸、核苷酸和生物碱发挥了诱食作用。

2. 1 药用植物抗水产养殖细菌性病原的效果

近年来,将药用植物应用于防治各类致病性细菌的研究已有较多报道。李爱娟(2007)选取53种常见药用植物,使用乙醇浸渍法分别获得53种药用植物的醇提物,采用平板扩散法探究各种醇提物对致病性副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)和鳗弧菌(V. anguillarum)的抑菌作用,结果证实大黄、金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)、五味子、肉桂(Cinnamomam cassia Presl)、五倍子、乌梅(Prunus mume Sieb.)、月季花(Rosa chinensis Jacq.)、青果[Canarium album(Lour.) Rouesch]和诃子(Terminalia chebuula Retz.)的醇提物均具有较强抑菌活性;为了深入分析醇提物中有效的抗菌活性成分,随后选取月季花为研究对象,使用硅胶柱层析和凝胶柱层析对月季花醇提物的有效抗菌成分进行分离纯化,证实月季花中的没食子酸(Gallic acid)是发挥抗菌作用的主要有效成分,能特异性抑制副溶血性弧菌、鳗弧菌、哈维氏弧菌(V. harveyi)、溶藻胶弧菌(V. alginolyticus)和创伤弧菌(V. vulnificus)(李爱娟,2007)。有研究表明,使用毛梗豨莶(Siegesbeckia glabrescens)、刺楸(Kalopanax pictus)和枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)提取物作为饲料添加剂喂养石斑鱼,可显著提高鱼体免疫力,进而提高对弧菌的抗病能力(Harikrishnan et al.,2011b,2012;Kim et al.,2011)。刘明珠等(2019a)通过系统分析黄连(Coptis chinensis Franch)对溶藻胶弧菌的抗菌作用,证实黄连水提物对溶藻胶弧菌具有明显的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)和半数致死量(LD50)分别为7.800、31.250和15.625 mg/mL;其抗菌机制可能是黄连水提物通过破坏溶藻胶弧菌细胞壁的方式最终导致菌体裂解死亡,即黄连具有研发成高效抗水产细菌中药制剂的潜力。姜黄(Curcuma longa L.)是我国传统的中药材之一,将其提取物作为饲料添加剂使用可显著提高饲料利用率,有效促进鲤的生长及调节免疫相关基因表达,提高鲤在感染嗜水气单胞菌后的存活率(Giri et al.,2019)。此外,陶健等(2013)采用试管二倍稀释法测定16种中药单方及5种复方制剂对鲁氏耶尔森菌(Yersinia ruckeri)的抑制力,结果证实黄芩(Radix scutellariae)、诃子和大黄对鲁氏耶尔森菌的抑菌作用强,可用于防治鲁氏耶尔森菌感染;谢新芳等(2017)通过研究金银花叶水/醇提取物对奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis)的抑菌作用,发现金银花叶水/醇提取物具有良好的抑菌作用,可作为防治水产养殖动物感染奇异变形杆菌的备选中药;Foysal等(2019)研究表明,在饲料中添加大蒜(Allium sativum L.)提取物可调节罗非鱼肠道中的微生物群落及细胞免疫因子基因表达,有效预防罗非鱼感染海豚链球菌。

2. 2 药用植物抗水产养殖病毒性病原的效果

八角茴香(Illicium verum Hook. f.)是我国重要的药食同源经济树种,目前已证实具有抑菌、镇痛、抗病毒、抑制血栓形成和改善微循环等药效作用,且药物安全性高,在药用开发利用中潜力巨大(Liu et al.,2020a)。八角茴香的药用化学成分主要包括挥发油类、倍半萜内酯及其衍生物和黄酮类成分等(Wang et al.,2011)。其中,八角茴香挥发油类成分具有显著抑菌作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、鼠伤寒杆菌(Bacillus typhimurium)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)及紫色色杆菌(Chromobacillus purpureus)等常见病菌具有较强的抑制作用(Rahman et al.,2017)。八角茴香中的挥发油类和多糖类等活性成分可作为免疫增强剂或激活剂,通过诱导抗体与干扰素产生及增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能等提高机体的特异性和非特异性细胞免疫功能(Peng et al.,2016)。八角茴香源化合物具有显著的抗病毒效果(Koch et al.,2008;Liu et al.,2020a);八角茴香中的莽草酸(Shikimic acid)具有镇痛、抗癌及抑制血栓形成等作用,是目前唯一能治疗禽流感药物——达菲的有效成分。Koch等(2008)研究发现八角茴香油能作用于病毒囊膜,通过干扰单纯疱疹病毒对宿主细胞的吸附而抑制病毒侵染。Liu等(2020a)首次证实八角茴香水提物和醇提物均具有显著抑制石斑鱼虹彩病毒的作用,发挥抗病毒作用的单体化合物成分包括莽草酸、原儿茶酸(3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid)、反式茴香脑(Trans-anethole)和槲皮素(Quercetin)等,其中原儿茶酸和槲皮素对石斑鱼虹彩病毒的抑制率超过96%。绿茶具有广泛的生理及药理活性,现代药理研究表明,绿茶的药用活性化学成分主要是茶多酚,而以儿茶素为主的黄烷醇类化合物占茶多酚总量的60%~80%,儿茶素主要包括(-)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigalloca-techin gallate)、(-)表儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epicatechin gallate)、(-)表没食子儿茶素(Epigallocatechin)和(-)表儿茶素(Epicatechin)(Xu et al.,2017)。绿茶中的茶多酚具有抑菌、抗病毒、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等诸多功效(Raekiansyah et al.,2018)。据报道,茶多酚对草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV)及白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)等具有显著的抑制作用(Wang et al.,2016;Xu et al.,2017),其作用机理是通过破坏病毒颗粒结构、干扰病毒吸附至宿主细胞表面的受体蛋白、抑制病毒反转录酶活性、影响细胞内新病毒粒子组装合成,以及调控细胞信号通路(Nrf2、NF-κB、Akt、MARK、p53、AR和ER)等方式,发挥抗氧化和抗病毒的生物功能作用(Singh et al.,2011;Calland et al.,2015;Date and Destache,2016)。茶多酚作为免疫增强剂或抗病毒药物已广泛应用于水产疫病防控与健康养殖。Wang等(2016)通过研究(-)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对GCRV的抑制作用,证实(-)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯是通过封闭病毒在宿主细胞表面受体——层黏连蛋白(Laminin receptor,LamR),而阻止GCRV吸附并侵入宿主细胞。Wang等(2017)以(-)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯处理感染WSSV的拟穴青蟹其存活率显著提高,表明(-)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯能显著抑制WSSV感染。此外,厚朴(Magolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.)中的秦皮甲素和秦皮乙素等活性成分对GCRV有良好的抗病毒作用(Chen et al.,2017);败酱草(Thlaspi arvense Linn.)水提物(肖贺贺等,2019)、莪术提取物(Liu et al.,2019)、紫花地丁(Viola philippica)水提物(Yu et al.,2019b)和金银花提取物(Liu et al.,2020b)在体内外均能有效抑制石斑鱼虹彩病毒感染。其中,莪术中发挥抗虹彩病毒的活性化合物成分为莪术醇、姜黄素、莪术烯醇和莪术二酮(Liu et al.,2019);金银花中抑制石斑鱼虹彩病毒的活性成分为金银花水提物及金银花源化合物异绿原酸A、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸C、肌醇、咖啡酸和木犀草素。上述研究成果为开发高效抗水产病害专用药物及防控技术产品提供了理论依据,也为水产养殖病害防控药物研发提供了新思路和新方法。

2. 3 药用植物抗水产养殖寄生虫的效果

由于广谱抗生素易产生耐药性,破坏或干扰水体原有的生态平衡,增加水产养殖动物感染病菌的概率,且抗生素残留最终会对人体健康产生危害(王广军,2009),因此越来越多学者利用药用植物开发抗水产养殖寄生虫药物。王玉群(2004)研究发现,苦楝皮(Cortex Meliae)、苦参(Sophorae flavescentis)、博落回(Mecleaya cordata)和仙鹤草(Agrimoniae pilosa Ledeb.)粗提取物均能有效杀灭草鱼锚头鳋无节幼体。张继平等(2005)用超声法提取苦参中的生物碱,发现苦参生物碱可有效杀除鳜鱼鳃部寄生的车轮虫,证实苦参所含有的生物碱对车轮虫具有驱杀作用。刘婷婷(2015)通过比较分析多种药用植物对刺激隐核虫滋养体和幼虫的离体杀灭效果,结果发现槟榔(Areca catechu L.)、苦参、大黄、贯众(Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai)、黄连、黄芩、枳壳(Poncirus trifolata)、川楝子(Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc.)和野菊花(Chryanthemum indicum L.)对刺激隐核虫具有一定的杀虫效果。Liu等(2017)通过体外和体内实验证实姜黄素对血吸虫有良好的抗寄生虫作用。

2. 4 药用植物调节水产动物免疫功能的效果

药用植物含有的多种活性成分能显著提高水产动物的特异性和非特异性免疫水平,有效降低鱼类患病的概率。Thawonsuwan等(2010)首次利用绿茶源活性化合物(-)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯研发出商品化饲料添加剂,应用于鱼类饲料中能有效提高鱼类机体免疫力;Tan等(2017)研究表明蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. Mazz.)提取物对卵形鲳鲹幼体肠道形态、抗氧化状态、免疫功能及物理屏障功能均具有促进作用;Baba等(2018)研究发现在饲料中添加橄榄叶可提高虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)血清生化参数、存活率及免疫相关基因的表达;Abdel Rahman等(2019)研究发现脱水柠檬皮能显著提高尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)和非洲鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus)的抗氧化及免疫反应;Yousefi等(2019)研究证实迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)叶粉能促进鲤生长发育,增强免疫和抗氧化状态,降低高密度养殖中的应激反应。此外,在饲料中添加酸枣和枸杞叶的提取物均能显著提高鲤的生长速度和机体免疫反应(Hoseinifar et al.,2015,2017)。

3 展望

在水产养殖疫病防控和高质化生态养殖过程中,药用植物提取物作为良好的抗生素替代品,具有低毒、无污染、无残留及无耐药性等优点。将药用植物提取物进一步加工提纯制成药品或直接作为饲料应用于水产养殖业,不仅可促进水生动物的生长发育,获得较高产量,还能保证水产品的质量与安全,同时对预防和治疗水产动物疾病具有积极作用,进而确保水产养殖业持续健康发展。但必须注意的是,目前我国渔用药用植物功能产品多而不强,在水产养殖过程中的应用还存在一些问题。第一,药用植物有效成分的生物利用度受生长阶段和生长地点的影响,其准确用药剂量难以确定。第二,针对药用植物作用机制的研究相对很少,传统复方制剂成分复杂,不同药用植物间的协同或拮抗作用机制尚未明确,黄连与连翘配伍时黄连的抗菌效果可增强6倍,但其内在作用机制并不清楚。第三,相同品种不同产地的中药材质量不一致,实际用药过程中的药效差异明显(吴梅秀,2008;王秀芹等,2016)。因此,今后应针对药用植物的有效成分、作用机制、使用方式、组合配比和复方剂型,以及中药材的质量控制等方面开展深入研究,充分发挥药用植物在水产养殖及其疫病防控中的作用和价值,利用药用植物研制开发出一批高效的绿色抗病渔药产品,大幅度提高化学药物替代率,有效降低水产养殖病害造成的损失,以保障我国水产养殖业的高质量发展。

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