赵文斌 郭楠 燕国辉

摘要 随着我国农村污水处理工程的不断推进，“厕所革命”工作取得了巨大成效，农村环境也正在朝着积极蓬勃的方向发展。目前卫生厕所普及程度存在南高北低、东高西低的现象，东部卫生厕所普及率高，中部、西部、东北部仍需加强完善。卫生厕所的普及是改善农村厕所环境的主要途径之一，其种类的选择要做到因地制宜，兼顾当地经济发展、地理气候条件、卫生环境等因素。由于厕所污水具有可生化性强、水质波动不明显、污水总量小、有机负荷量大、基本不含重金属等有毒物质的特点，处理方法主要包括生物处理法、生态处理法和生物-生态处理法联用技术。蔬菜大棚-厕所废水原位净化系统-有机肥三位一体新模式，可在有效保障寒冷地区冬季卫生厕所污水处理效果同时，实现废弃物资源化利用。

关键词 厕所革命;农村厕所废水;卫生厕所;三位一体新模式;现状;展望

Abstract With the continuous promotion of rural sewage treatment projects in China，the “toilet revolution” has made great achievements，and the rural environment is also developing in a positive and vigorous direction.There is a phenomenon of “high in the south and low in the north，high in the east and low in the west” in the popularity of sanitary toilets.The popularity rate of sanitary toilets in the east is high，and it needs to be improved in the middle，west and northeast.The popularization of sanitary toilets is one of the main ways to improve the environment of rural toilets.The selection of their types should be based on local conditions，taking into account local economic development，geographical and climatic conditions，sanitary environment and other factors.Due to toilet sewage has the characteristics of strong biodegradability，water quality fluctuation is not obvious，small total amount of sewage，large organic loading，basically free of toxic substances such as heavy metals，the treatment methods mainly include biological treatment，ecological treatment and bio-ecological treatment.The new model of vegetable greenhouse-toilet wastewater in-situ purification system-organic fertilizer trinity can effectively guarantee the sewage treatment effect of sanitary toilets in cold areas in winter and realize the waste resource utilization.

Key words Toilet revolution;Rural toilet sewage;Sanitary toilet;The new trinity model;Current situation;Prospect

我國长期以来对乡村建设重视程度不及城市，造成农村基础设施、公共服务配套设施等与城市存在巨大差距，生态环境也受到严重污染[1-2]，厕所问题尤为突出。虽然近几年卫生厕所在农村的普及率显著提高，但普通旱厕仍然是农村地区最主要的如厕方式[3]。

厕所污水，即生活污水中的黑水，王文林等[4]研究表明，厕所污水在生活污水污染总负荷的占比率极高，COD占67%以上，TN、NH4+-N、TP占84%以上;王明杰[5]研究也表明，农村生活污水中的污染物绝大部分都来源于厕所污水。……