清代西安地区干旱灾害变化特征研究
2018-11-22王朋张蓓蓓杨飞
王朋 张蓓蓓 杨飞
摘要:通过收集1644—1911年间的干旱灾害史料,本研究利用数理统计方法对清代西安地区干旱灾害变化特征进行了分析。结果显示,清代1644—1911年间西安地区共发生87次干旱灾害,平均3.1年发生1次,其中轻度旱灾49次,中度旱灾27次,重度旱灾11次;在夏季和秋季发生频次最高,分别为39、26次。清代西安地区干旱灾害可划分为六个阶段,第一阶段(1644—1671年)、第三阶段(1752—1791年)和第五阶段(1812—1841年)为少发阶段,第二阶段(1672—1751年)、第四阶段(1792—1811年)和第六阶段(1842—1911年)为多发阶段,整体呈现少发-频发交替变化。干旱灾害变化存在7a、20a、42a、53a四类变化周期。
关键词:西安地区;清代;干旱灾害;周期;小波分析
中图分类号:S423:P426.616 文献标识号:A 文章编号:1001-4942(2018)08-0137-05
Study on Variation Characteristics of Drought
Disaster in Xian Area during Qing Dynasty
Wang Peng, Zhang Beibei, Yang Fei
(Key Laboratory of Disaster Survey and Mechanism Simulation of Shaanxi Province/College of Geography and
Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China)
Abstract Collecting historical data of drought disasters, using mathematical statistical method, we analyzed the variation characteristics of drought disaster in Xian area in Qing Dynasty. The results showed that in Xian area in Qing Dynasty, a total of 87 times of drought disasters occurred, and once every 3.1 years in average; there were 49 times mild droughts, 27 times moderate droughts and 11 times severe droughts. The highest frequency of drought disasters occurred in summer and autumn, with 39 and 26 occurrences respectively. Drought disasters in Xian Area in the Qing Dynasty could be divided into six stages. The first stage (1644-1671), the third stage (1752-1791), and the fifth stage (1812-1841) were low stages. The second stage (1672-1751), the fourth stage (1792-1811) and the sixth stage (1842-1911) were high stages. The overall presentation was less frequent-frequent alternation. There were four types of change period in drought disaster: 7a, 20a, 42a and 53a.
Keywords Xian area; Qing Dynasty; Drought disaster; Cycle; Wavelet analysis
干旱灾害是指蒸发量大于降水量导致土壤水分不足,对人类生产活动产生不利影响的一种气象灾害。一般认为干旱气候多年平均降水量在50~200 mm之间,低于50 mm则为极端干旱气候[1,2]。干旱灾害是中国境内高频发生的自然灾害之一,严重影响社会经济发展[3-5]。统计显示,我国2000—2016年干旱灾害年平均成灾面积约1.07×106 km2,粮食损失年均高达279.45×108 kg,饮水困难人口年均超过2 000万[6]。随着全球气候变暖,全球范圍内的极端干旱灾害事件频繁发生,抗旱减灾研究已受到众多国家及学者的重视[7]。
干旱灾害是气候变化的重要指标之一,中国历史上发生了多次干旱事件,不仅对农业造成重大打击,还影响了社会稳定,带来人口锐减和政治危机[8,9]。历史对人类认识未来具有重要启迪意义,探究历史时期气候变化的过程与机理能为人类应对未来气候变化提供参考。……
