曹晓康 依力哈木·热依木

曹晓康： 维吾尔喀群赛乃姆的保护和传承现状

莎车县非物质文化遗产种类较多，在乐舞方面被列为国家级非物质文化遗产的有三类，分别是维吾尔十二木卡姆、维吾尔喀群赛乃姆、乌孜别克艾希莱·叶莱，其中维吾尔喀群赛乃姆是维吾尔十二木卡姆的一部分。

赛乃姆是维吾尔民间最为普遍的一种歌舞形式，是一种集歌、舞、乐、诗为一体的综合性艺术，为了区别各地方的赛乃姆，人们习惯性地在赛乃姆前冠以地名以作区分。喀群赛乃姆是莎车山区（达木斯、霍什拉甫、喀群乡）独有的一种乐舞艺术，因在喀群乡最为集中、传承发展得比较好，故称为喀群赛乃姆。

维吾尔喀群赛乃姆是在喀群等山区人民独特的婚庆娱乐活动和麦西来甫活动场所中逐渐形成并发育成熟的，在类似娱乐活动的基础上保持了原始的风格，体现了当地群众崇尚自然的美好品质和对幸福生活、爱情的追求，对研究喀群等山区维吾尔民族史、民俗学有着十分重要的价值。同时维吾尔喀群赛乃姆是喀群等山区最古老的民间文艺形式之一，有着自己独特的演唱、弹奏、舞蹈技艺，是研究喀群等山区民间文学艺术的重要“活态”文化，具有重要的艺术价值。

维吾尔喀群赛乃姆唱词既有民间故事和民间谚语，也包括民间歌谣，其延存也是以口头教授方式进行。因传承人目前年龄偏大、生活条件和身体状况较差等问题，以及年轻人中愿意学习和传承的人越来越少的原因，能够完整表演喀群赛乃姆的艺人几乎绝迹，维吾尔喀群赛乃姆亟待保护和传承。

为切实做好维吾尔喀群赛乃姆这一独特艺术的延存保护和传承工作，莎车县委、县人民政府按照国家、自治区“非遗”保护的有关要求，主要做了以下几方面的工作。一是将其纳入“非遗”保护规划和议事日程，由县文化体育广播影视局文化馆“非遗”办公室具体负责指导和开展保护与传承研究及实施相关工作。二是积极申报国家“非遗”名录项目和代表性传承人。2003年对维吾尔喀群赛乃姆开展了抢救性记录和保护，2006年申报自治区第一批非物质文化遗产代表作，当年喀群乡被喀什地区命名为“民间艺术之乡”，2008年申报国家级第四批非物质文化遗产代表作，每年下拨30万元的保护传承经费。三是积极推动维吾尔喀群赛乃姆传承学习，在县文化体育广播影视局设立传承中心。喀群乡文化站设立喀群赛乃姆传承站（传承基地）。组建维吾尔喀群赛乃姆民间文艺队。乡中学设立喀群赛乃姆专业班，推荐喀群赛乃姆参加各级各类文艺展演和比赛，每年举办喀群赛乃姆培训班。四是积极培养和发展传承人。莎车县共有四级维吾尔喀群赛乃姆民间传承人，目前各级传承人有一百余名，乡级传承人优先享受国家惠民政策，县级传承人由县财政给予每月800元生活补助，自治区级和国家级传承人每年也领取相应的传承人补助。五是丰富保护形式，主要采取了编写教材、拍摄教学视频、配置保护传承所需的用具、利用文艺场所和节庆日组织文艺活动等措施，为传承保护提供保障。

在国家、自治区“非遗”保护中心的支持、帮助和指导下，通过莎车县委、县政府的积极保护和推动传承，目前维吾尔喀群赛乃姆越来越被重视，在各级各类文艺活动中均被列为展演节目之一，代表性传承人的政治、生活等待遇逐步提升，参与保护传承的积极性不断提高。

但是，因受人员、资金、能力等多方面的限制，维吾尔喀群赛乃姆传承和保护仍存在一些问题： 如传承保护范围仍有限，除喀群传承站和县传承中心外无扩展延伸；传承挖掘和保护创新做得还不够，还需深入推进，特别是在传承保护上没有比较系统、规范的教学资料；代表性传承人以乐器演奏和演唱为主，舞蹈类没有同步纳入申报，致使在传承人保护中没有体现乐舞一体化的特点；乐器演奏传承难度大、培养周期长，传承人越来越少；另外，传承人的待遇还有待进一步提升，特别是县乡级传承人。我们将继续在国家、自治区“非遗”保护中心的支持、帮助和指导下，在莎车县委、县人民政府的领导下，努力克服这些困难，应对挑战，进一步完善和深入维吾尔喀群赛乃姆的保护与传承工作，满足当地民族群众的精神需求，和人民群众齐心协力，共同创造更加美好幸福的生活。

依力哈木·热依木： 维吾尔喀群赛乃姆的技艺特点与传承

对于喀群赛乃姆的保护，我们十分注重并强调对其技艺特点的传承。

喀群赛乃姆是新疆莎车县山区维吾尔族群众在手鼓、都塔尔、笛子、艾捷克、热瓦普、弹拔尔、唢呐等民族乐器伴奏下进行表演的传统歌舞，强调的是一种集体协作众人皆欢的集体精神，其表演曲调、方式与十二木卡姆最为接近，亦是十二木卡姆的组成部分。它的地方性和民族性特色很强，具有很深的文化内涵和很强的艺术感染力。

莎车县作为古丝绸之路南道重镇，东西方文化的交融交汇及碰撞，使得当地文化的多元交融性表现明显，而喀群乡地处昆仑山脚下、古丝绸之路交通要道，因而喀群赛乃姆文化交融特性和山区文化特性也比较明显。从男女演员的一颦一笑、一顾一盼和相互传情逗趣的场面，可以想象喀群赛乃姆与龟兹乐舞有着一脉相承、水乳交融的关系；从歌舞热烈奔放、节奏欢快的特点似乎可以领略到疏勒乐舞的风味；歌舞粗犷古朴、矫健刚劲似乎又有着于阗乐舞的神韵；歌舞动作上既有维吾尔传统动作形态，又有塔吉克族鹰舞的动作形态，其乐舞包容多样。

维吾尔喀群赛乃姆由4个木卡姆、9个赛乃姆（喀群赛乃姆、塔基汗赛乃姆、维萨力赛乃姆、孜巴赛乃姆、库依卡甫赛乃姆、珠拉赛乃姆、萨巴赛乃姆、图依赛乃姆、山赛乃姆等），9套旋律、51个调（曲子）、500首内容丰富的库夏克（诗歌）组成。表演形式分木卡姆、赛乃姆、塞勒克曲许尔格（尾段）、麦西来甫（共有15个单曲调的麦西来甫，含有200多首库夏克）等部分表演，在麦西来甫演奏间隙穿插具有娱乐性的民间游戏来烘托映衬氛围，其音乐节奏始终以8/7为主。

喀群赛乃姆中的木卡姆、赛乃姆和麦西来甫将山区人的生活习俗、田间劳作、狩猎、男欢女爱的情感表白等融合到歌舞中，表现得淋漓尽致。从木卡姆、赛乃姆、麦西来甫的诗歌中可以感受到山区民众对美好生活的向往、对情感的流露、对封建权贵势力的憎恨，曲调时而低吟、时而高亢、时而起伏连绵，尽显原生态曲调之风格；在舞姿上主要体现出“柔、稳、快、热烈”的特色。柔，指女演员在舞蹈动作上，表现出细腻、轻盈、小巧的女人柔情，似水风格；稳，要求舞者动中求稳，以显舞姿之美，如舞蹈中的顶碗、托碗表演，动中有稳，稳中有静，给人一种动与静完美结合的艺术享受；快，是指舞姿以扣人心弦的快节奏，展现舞蕴；热烈，一般是在歌舞进入高潮（麦西来甫演奏）时，呈现出的热烈氛围——众人载歌载舞、热烈奔放、豪情四射，用歌声、用旋律、用舞姿，创造出一片欢乐天地。

因此，我们在“喀群赛乃姆”保护中注重和强调对其技艺特点的传承，从而有效地推动了对“喀群赛乃姆”地方特色和民族特色、文化内涵和艺术魅力，以及其中的集体主义精神和民族团结精神的保护和传承。

莎车县“非遗”中心负责人依力哈木·热依木与“非遗”传承人和民间艺人一起表演木卡姆摄影： 柴广育

Uyghur Kachung Sanam: Characteristics and Protection

Cao Xiaokang & Elham Reyim

[Abstract]

Yarkant County boasts many items of intangible cultural heritage, amony which at the national levd, the dance categories include: Uyghur Twelve Muqam, Uighur Kachung Sanam and Uzbek Eichley Yelai, in which the Uyghur Twelve Muqam including Uyghur Kachung Sanam.

Sanam is the most popular form of ethnic Uyghur music and dance.In fact, it is a comprehensive art that integrates song, dance, music and poetry.Sanam is usually distinguished by the source region and named after the place.

Kachung Sanam is a unique music and dance art in the Yarkant Mountains (Damus, Hosrap and Kachung Townships).Because Sanam is most concentrated and active and best preserved in the Kachung Township, it is popularly called Kachung Sanam.Safeguarding Kachung Sanam is a priority of Yarkant County to develop its cultural wealth.Great progress has been made while some old difficulties still linger and new challenges continue to come up.This paper is based on an interview with Cao Xiaokang and Elham Reyim, both officials of Yarkant County responsible for intangible cultural heritage protection and promotion.

Elham Reyim: Kachung Sanam’s technical characteristics and inheritance

For safeguarding Kachung Sanam, we attach great importance to the inheritance of its techniques.

As a hub or a key link on the South Trail of the ancient Silk Road, Yarkant County has a blend of Eastern and Western cultures and boasts cultural diversity and inclusiveness.Kachung Township, located at the foot of the Kunlun Mountains and on the ancient Silk Road,is a classic example of cultural diversity.The facial expressions of the performers and the flirting actions have clear connections with the tradition of Kucha music and dance; its cheerful tempo suggests Shulig music and dance;its strength resembles the music and dance of Khotan; the dancing movements bear the characteristics of both Uyghur traditional dance and Tajik eagle dance.In short, Kachung Sanam represents a great diversity of cultures.

Uyghur Kachung Sanam is composed of 4 Muqams,9 Sanams (Kachung Sanam, Taji Khan Sanam, Weisali Sanam, Ziba Sanam, Kuyika Sanam, Zhula Sanam,Sabah Sanam, Tuyi Sanam, Mountain Sanam), 9 melodies, 51 tunes and 500 poems.The forms of performance include Muqam, Sanam, Salek Qusulge(tail section) and Mesgrep (15 single tunes, including more than 200 poems).Between Meshrep performances,entertaining folk games are played to keep the audience enthusiasm.The music beat is always 8/7.

Muqam, Sanam and Meshrep in Kachung Sanam integrate the mountain people’s customs, field work,hunting and love affairs into the music and dance to make the performance vivid and exciting.The poems of Muqam, Sanam, and Meshrep express the local people’s longing for good life and their emotions and their hatred of the feudal rulers.The tunes are original,sometimes low-pitched, sometimes high-pitched, and sometimes undulating.The dance movements are soft,steady, and fast and enthusiastic.Softness refers to the actresses’ delicate, light and tenderness; steadiness means dancers must seek stability in some special dance, such as dancing with a bowl on the head which is a perfect combination of movement and stillness; a fast rhythm makes the dance attractive; and enthusiasm comes to the climax during the Meshrep which will create a heated atmosphere with exciting songs, melody, and dancing.

In short, the inheritance of its technical characteristics is key to preserving the local and ethnic characteristics of Kachung Sanam, as well as its cultural content and artistic charm.It is therefore helpful for continuing and increasing its role as a collective and national spiritual cohesive.

Cao Xiaokang: Protection and lnheritance of Uyghur Kachung Sanam

Uyghur Kachung Sanam is a unique form of performance for wedding and Meshrep activities of people in the mountain ous areas.It maintains the original style while catering to emerging entertainment needs.The local people admire the beauty of nature and pursue happy life and love, which is expressed in their Sanam.It offers significant clues to the study of the Uyghur history and folklore in the mountainous areas.Kachung Sanam is also the oldest form of folk art in the mountains, with unique singing, instrument playing and dancing skills.It is a living culture with high artistic value.

Kachung Sanam lyrics include both folktales,proverbs, as well as folk songs.It has been passed down mainly through oral teaching, but this art is facing a huge challenge due to the aging of inheritors and the limit of their living and physical conditions, as well as the lack of enthusiasm among the young people to learn and pass on this art.Kachung Sanam is in urgent need of protection.

The CPC Committee and the People’s Government of Yarkant County have taken various measures to safeguard, continue and promote this unique intangible cultural heritage.First, heritage safeguarding is made a priority on the government’s agenda.The Culture,Sports, Radio, Film and Television Bureau of the County has set up a special office to be responsible for directing and carrying out research and implementation of heritage safeguarding projects.Second, the county is working hard to identify and register items and inheritors of cultural heritage.In 2003, the county began to record performances of Kachung Sanam.In 2006, it got Kachung Sanam on the list of intangible cultural heritage of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Yarkant County was named a “Folk Art Center” of the Kashgar Region.In 2008, Kachung Sanam became an item on the national list of intangible cultural heritage, which means the art would be given a safeguarding fund of 300 000 RMB yuan each year.Third, the county actively promotes the teaching and learning of Kachung Sanam.The Culture, Sports, Radio, Film and Television Bureau set up a Kachung Sanam inheritance center; Township Cultural Stations set up Kachung Sanam inheritance bases and formed Kachung Sanam performance teams;the township middle schools open Kachung Sanan classes, send performers to competitions at various levels and organize Kachung Sanam trainings.Fourth,the county actively cultivates and develops inheritors.At four levels, Yarkant County now has more than 100 Kachung Sanam inheritors who enjoy corresponding government benefits.Fifth, the county takes various protection measures, mainly including preparation of teaching materials, making teaching videos, deploying facilities and equipment needed for protection and inheritance,organizing festivals and various cultural activities.

Thanks to the support, assistance and guidance of intangible cultural heritage protection centers at the national and regional levels, and mainly the protection and promotion efforts of Yarkant County CPC Committee and government, Kachung Sanam has made more and more presence in cultural activities of various levels.It is now a valued performance program in many events, and the number of inheritors has gradually increased, and their living conditions are improving,which is generating a greater enthusiasm among learners.

However, due to personnel, funding and capacity limits, there are still some problems with the inheritance and protection of Kachung Sanam.The scope of inheritance is still limited as protection efforts are limited to the inheritance stations and the County inheritance center; excavation and protective innov ation are limited,and teaching materials should be more systematic and standardized; the inheritors only play instruments and sing while dance is not included, so the inheritance project does not realize the integration of music and dance; it takes much more and longer to cultivate instrument players,so the inheritors will dwindle; moreover, allowances and economic incentives for the inheritors should increase,especially for the county and township-level inheritors.Efforts are now being made to overcome these difficulties and further improve and deepen the protection of Kachung Sanam, to meet the spiritual needs of the local people.

[Keywords]

Uyghur Kachung Sanam, technical characteristics,protection, inheritance