龚莉萍

摘要：近年来我国三大球项目陷入比较尴尬的境地，后备人才青黄不接，联赛市场业乱象频出。运用定性分析法和经验总结法归纳了三大球项目面临的现实困境，解析问题根源，旨在为当下三大球体育体制的改革与发展提供咨询。研究认为：问题根源是行政垄断导致了市场的作用难以发挥，利益冲突下多方博弈造成发展战略误判，市场化改革不彻底导致造血功能不足等。须坚持市场化和社会化，结合国内经济社会发展现实，借鉴国外三大球发展经验，创新举国体制在后备人才培养和项目文化传播中的作用等，探寻既要市场也要调控的中国特色的改革路径。

关键词：三大球； 困境与突破；行政垄断；体制改革；人才培养

中图分类号：G84 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-2076（2016）03-0044-05

Abstract：In recent years， China's football， basketball and volleyball projects have fallen into awkward situation， characterized by lack of backup talents and frequent occurrence of league market chaos. The paper uses qualitative analysis and experience summary method to sum up the realistic predicament of the three projects， analyzes the root cause of the problem and aims to provide advice for the reform and development of the current sports system. This study considers that the root cause of the problem is that the administrative monopoly has caused the market's function difficult to play， that the multi-game under the interest conflict has caused the misjudgment of development strategy， and that incomplete market reform had led to the lack of hematopoietic function， etc. We must insist on marketization and socialization， combine with the reality of domestic economic and social development， learn from foreign experience in the development of the three projects， innovate the role of the whole nation system in training reserve personnel and spreading the culture of project in order to explore the reform path of Chinese characteristics with both market regulation and administration control.

Key words： football， basketball and volleyball； predicament and breakthrough； administrative monopoly； structural reform； training talents

三大球是体育领域最具影响力的国际语言，然而近年来我国的三大球项目却陷入比较尴尬的境地，世界大赛上的成绩呈现出全面的持续滑坡，后备人才青黄不接，曾经风靡一时的联赛市场业乱象层出。本研究将总结中国三大球的现实困境，解析问题根源，寻找未来的突破口。

1 现实困境：后备人才萎缩，职业市场无序

1.1 后备人才断层

上世纪八十年代末，全国各级体育部门将三大球项目推给市场，原来举国体制的人才培养体制解体，但基于市场的人才培养体制却迟迟未能建立。非职业的青少年业余训练体系与职业化的联赛体系及国家队后备队伍的选拔体系很难衔接，人才输送受阻。……