不同超级稻品种产量形成与光合特性研究
2025-08-03王美张灵芝李建武鲁湘张玉烛卢浩宇屠乃美
中图分类号:S511 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-060X(2025)06-0001-07
引用格式:,等.不同超级稻品种产量形成与光合特性研究[J].湖南农业科学,2025(6):1-7.DOI:10.16498/j.cnki.hnnykx.2025.006.001
Yield Components and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Different Super Rice Varieties
WANG Mei¹, ZHANG Ling-zhi¹,LI Jian-wu2³,LU Xiang³, ZHANG Yu-zhu³,LU Hao-yu2³,TU Nai-mei (1.ColegeofrooHnicuualUsits8,;.nHridiceserchte 410125,PRC;3.HuangpuResearchInstituteofLongpingAgricultural ScienceandTchnology,Guangzhou570o,RC)
Abstract:This studyaims tounveil thehigh-yielding mechanismofsuper rice.Field experiments wereconducted withthe super ricevarieties(Xiangliangyou9oo',YLiangyou9oo',Yiangyou2'YLiangyou1,and'Liangyoupeijiu),whichwrehighly representative indifferentperunit yieldtarget periods,andthecommonhybridrice variety'Shanyou63'attheChunhuaBase in ChangshaCountyofHunanProvince.Thematerialaccumulationandalocation,yieldformationcharacteristics,photosythetic physiological parameters,andrespiration dynamics werecomparedamong diferentvarieties.Theresultsshowed thatthesuperrice varietieshadsignificantlyhgherabovegrounddrymaterthan'Shanyou63'afterthemilkymaturitystage,andthepanicledrymater of'Xiangliangyou9Oo'maintaiedataighlevelThesupericevarietieshadsignificantlyhgheryieldsthan'Shanyou63Teyield improvementofLiangyoupeijiu'(whichenhancedsinkcapacitythrough increasedefectivepanicles)bredinpaseIwasrelatively limited.The superrice varieties bred in phases I-Vthat balanced panicle number and grain numberper panicle demonstrated higher yields.'Xiangliangyou 9oo' had the highest yield (10.05t/hm2) ,which was 2.97%-28.52% higher than those of other super rice varieties and 32.41% higher than that of'Shanyou 63'. The high-yielding varieties 'Xiangliangyou 900' and 1Y Liangyou 900' kepthigher SPADvaluesnetphotosyntheticrate,and wateruseeffciencyfromthefullheadingstage tothe milymaturitystage, showcasing excelentphotosyntheticperformance.Therewasadistinctrespirationpeak indarkrespirationduring thegrain-flling stage.Both the duration and intensity of this respiration peak showed positive correlations with the rice yield.
Keywords:super hybrid rice;varieties;yield; yield formation; photosynthetic characteristics
水稻(OryzasativaL.)是我国重要的粮食作物之一,在过去的几十年里,我国水稻产量得到了极大提高。然而,因城市化进程加快导致耕地资源不断减少,加上高温干旱等极端天气频发,若维持现有粮食生产水平,预计2050年当全球人口接近100亿时,粮食将面临巨大缺口。因此,提高单位面积产量仍是水稻育种与栽培领域的研究重点[1-4]
我国超级稻育种计划由农业部于1996年正式启动。袁隆平院士于1997年担任项目首席科学家后,提出形态改良与亚种间杂种优势利用相结合的水稻育种途径,培育高产、优质、抗逆的超级稻品种,先后实现了超级稻一、二、三、四期单产10.5、12.0、13.5、 15.0t/hm2 的目标。第五期超级杂交稻湘两优900(超优千号)在云南个旧 6.8hm2 示范田连续3a(2015—2017)产量超过 16t/hm2,2019 年在山东莒南百亩示范片产量达到 17.13t/hm2[5-8] 号据统计,我国登记在册的超级稻品种有135个(截至2021年),超级稻种植面积约占水稻种植总面积的 30%[9] 。超级稻的规模化种植和单位面积产量的大幅提高可有效缓解粮食生产压力,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。
水稻产量由单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重等要素构成。前人研究表明,水稻超高产目标可通过稳定群体有效穗数、提升每穗粒数和总颖花量等来实现[10-I]。植株的源库之间既彼此协调、共同作用,又存在竞争性制约。产量形成因素的本质是库容量的形成与光合产物的分配积累,各因素间多呈此消彼长的关系。……
