王芳 李旭东 李强

摘  要：新冠疫情分布的全球性决定了疫苗研发成功后相当一部分将在世界范围内进行跨境交付与免疫接种。针对疫苗对温度要求的特殊性及跨境交付的复杂性，研究如何保障新冠疫苗跨境物流的顺利运行具有重要意义。首先介绍IATA医药疫苗航空运输保障体系，剖析特殊温度要求下新冠疫苗跨境物流面临的主要挑战;然后构建IATA保障体系指导下的跨境物流方案基本框架，制定应对挑战的一系列措施，分析方案实施的主要难点;最后提出新冠疫苗跨境物流的主要运作模式并进行对比。本研究力图为相关组织顺利开展新冠疫苗跨境物流活动提供参考借鉴，为有力防控疫情提供更强保障。

关键词：新冠疫苗;跨境物流;保障体系;方案;措施;运作模式

中图分类号：F253    文献标识码：A

Abstract： The global distribution of COVID-19 pandemic determines that a considerable part of the vaccine will be delivered and vaccinated across the world after successful research and development. In view of the particularity of temperature requirements and the complexity of cross-border delivery， it is of great significance to explore how to ensure the smooth operation for cross-border logistics of COVID-19 vaccine. Firstly， it introduces IATA medical vaccine air transport guarantee system， and analyzes the main challenges faced by cross-border logistics of COVID-19 vaccines under special temperature requirements. Then， the basic framework of cross-border logistics solution under the guidance of IATA guarantee system is constructed， a series of measures are developed to cope with the challenges， and the main difficulties of solution implementation are analyzed. Finally， the main operation modes of cross-border logistics of COVID vaccines are proposed and compared. This study aims to provide reference for relevant organizations to successfully carry out cross-border logistics activities of COVID-19 vaccines， and provide a stronger guarantee for effective prevention and control of the pandemic.

Key words： COVID-19 vaccine; cross-border logistics; guarantee system; solution; measure; operation mode

0  引  言

當前，全球新冠疫情形势依然严峻，疫情防控任重道远。疫苗被广泛认为是预防和控制疫情最有效的手段之一，就规模和速度而言，当前全球针对新冠疫苗的研发工作是前所未有的[1]。根据IATA（国际航空运输协会）预测，全球疫苗潜在需求大约为78亿左右[2]。疫苗作为一种温度敏感性药品，在运输和贮存过程中，大部分应处于2～8℃的恒温环境[3]。国内外疫苗运输质量安全研究中，主要针对运输稳定性[4];而稳定性首要保障的是物流过程中的温度稳定性，从而保证疫苗的有效性，为达成这一目标，通常采用冷链物流方式实施严格的温度控制。疫苗作为一种特殊药品，运输又与药品冷链区分开来，且疫苗冷链要求比医药冷链更高[5]。……