芝麻杂交制种机械化生产技术研究
2021-08-30张祎汪强张银萍赵莉林勇翔
张祎 汪强 张银萍 赵莉 林勇翔



摘要 为提高芝麻杂交制种生产效率,实现机械化作业,于2016—2019年在安徽省临泉县、新疆精河县等地,围绕亲本组合选配、播期、父母本行比配置、水肥管理等开展相关试验。结果表明,亲本组合配对中,以WA18073×皖芝2181的产量最高,比其他组合平均产量提高28.65%;18万株/hm2密度处理较为适宜;春播有利于提高制种产量,比夏播增产36.29%;父母本行比以1∶3处理较合理。参考试验结果并结合生产实际,提出了芝麻杂交制种机械化生产技术要点。
关键词 芝麻;杂交制种;播期;父母本行比;水肥耦合
中图分类号 S 23 文献标识码 A
文章编号 0517-6611(2021)16-0019-03
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.16.006 开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):
Study on Mechanizaed Production Technology of Sesame Hybrid Seed Production
ZHANG Yi, WANG Qiang, ZHANG Yin-ping et al (Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031)
Abstract In order to improve the efficiency of sesame hybrid seed production and realize mechanization, we carried out relevant experiments in Linquan County of Anhui Province, Jinghe County of Xinjiang and other places in 2016-2019. The parent combination selection, sowing date, parent row ratio, water and fertilizer management were mainly researched. Results showed that the highest yield was the parent combination WA18073 × Wanzhi 2181, which was 28.65% higher than the average yield of other combinations. The density of 180 000 plants/hm2 was more appropriate. The yield of spring sowing was 36.29% higher than that of summer sowing, and the more reasonable ratio of parents to lines was 1∶3. According to the experimental results and the production practice, the key points of mechanized production technology of sesame hybrid seed production were put forward.
Key words Sesame;Hybrid seed production;Sowing date;Ratio of parents lines;Water fertilizer coupling
中國是世界芝麻四大主产国之一[1]。芝麻是中国重要的优质油料作物,含油量高达56%,且富含不饱和脂肪酸,芝麻营养全面,含有大量有益人体健康的蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、微量元素、抗氧化剂芝麻酚和抗癌物等,具有较高的营养保健功效和商品价值[2]。我国全年食用和加工芝麻总需求130万t,而芝麻年生产量只有65万~70万t,几乎50%依靠进口。当前多地的科技人员从研究芝麻高产高效的栽培技术入手,提高单产从而增加芝麻总产,以期稳定我国芝麻生产,推动芝麻产业发展[3-10]。而芝麻杂种优势利用是提高产量的有效途径之一,河南省农业科学院屠礼传育成的杂交种豫芝9号,产量比对照豫芝4号增加29.62%;安徽省农业科学院汪强育成的杂交种皖芝11号比对照豫4号增产23.0%。但起初的芝麻杂交制种过程采用人工种植,在播种、间苗、中耕、收割等环节耗费大量劳力成本,加之制种产量不高、杂交制种效益低下,导致了杂交芝麻在生产上没能达到广泛应用。……
