李娜 苏伯民 冯雅琪 孙胜利 尹刚 于宗仁

内容摘要：山西大同观音堂是大同市现存始建年代最早的专门供奉观音菩萨的佛教寺院，其主殿观音殿内现存清末壁画约70m2，是山西地区具有代表性的清代重要壁画作品。应用显微镜（OM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）等多种分析方法对观音堂壁画样品的微观结构和矿物颜料成分进行分析，并对其壁画材料及工艺作初步解析。结果表明观音堂壁画使用了传统的干壁画绘制工艺，即在建筑内部的青砖墙体上抹上添加碎麦秸的灰泥，在灰泥上涂抹一层很薄的含有更细植物纤维的黏土，制成细泥层，在细泥层上涂刷高岭石或方解石制成白色底色层，用于作画。壁画使用颜料分别为朱砂、石青、石绿、铅丹、雌黄、水白铅矿及赤铁矿等常见矿物质颜料。研究结果可为了解清代大同本地的壁画制作工艺和材料提供重要的科学资料。

关键词：观音堂;壁画颜料;制作工艺

中图分类号：K854.3  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）01-0128-09

Abstract：Guanyintang is regarded as the earliest Buddhist temple for worshipping Avalokitesvara（Guanyin）in Datong， Shanxi Province. There are about 70 m2 of murals from the late Qing dynasty in the main hall， Guanyindian， that are significant as being representative of Qing dynasty murals from the Datong area. Several analysis methods including microscopy（OM）， X-ray diffraction（XRD）and scanning electronic microscopy（SEM）， etc. were utilized in analyzing the micro-structures and mineral pigments of mural samples from Guanyintang; this analysis can provide a preliminary interpretation of the painting materials and techniques. The results show that the traditional painting technique of applying a secco in layers to the inner walls of the temple was used. First， a base layer of loess clay containing chopped reeds was plastered onto the interior surface of the brick wall. A clay wash， which contains thin fibers， was then coated over this layer of plaster， following which a thin white layer of kaolinite or calcite was added as the final surface on which paint could be applied. The mural samples show the presence of various common mineral pigments such as cinnabar， azurite， malachite， minium， orpiment， plumbite and hematite， etc. The results of this study can provide important scientific data for understanding the wall painting technology and materials utilized at Datong in the Qing dynasty.

Keywords：Guanyintang; wall paintings; materials; production technology

1 引 言

观音堂位于山西省大同市城西8千米处同云公路北侧，始建于辽代重熙六年（1037），历经辽、明、清的三次焚毁后重修，现存建筑为清顺治八年（1651）在旧址上重建。后经清朝及民国年间的多次局部修葺[1，2]，1979年，对该寺院进行了全面整修，保存至今。1996年，观音堂被公布为省级文物保护单位，2013 年公布为第七批全国重点文物保护单位，是山西省重要的文化遗址之一。

观音堂正殿即观音殿，是整个观音堂建筑群的主体建筑，由玄关和主室组成，以其所存石雕彩塑闻名于世[2-4]。……