范珊珊 刘继远 谭晓东 季卫 高飞 李昌伟 何威明

摘 要：随着畜牧业集约化和规模化的发展，畜禽粪便产生量不断增加，畜禽粪肥还田利用率不断提高，但畜禽粪肥重金属污染问题日益突出。为防控畜禽粪肥的环境污染、促进养殖业废弃物安全利用和有机农产品的生产，以2012—2019年抽检的畜禽粪肥样品为主要研究对象，通过了解北京市畜禽粪肥中的Hg、As、Pb、Cr和Cd重金属含量情况，采用内梅罗综合污染指数评价法和Hakanson生态风险指数法评价其污染程度和潜在生态风险程度。结果表明，各类畜禽粪肥重金属的平均含量均在《畜禽粪便堆肥技术规范》的限量范围内，整体超标率较低;重金属综合污染指数均在安全范围内，农用还田利用不会引起严重重金属污染，但仍存在一定的潜在生态危害，尤其以羊粪中的Cd和农家堆肥中的Hg、Cd最为严重，达到强或很强生态风险污染程度。在今后畜禽粪肥的堆肥和无害化处理中，应加强管理，严防生态污染。

关键词：畜禽粪肥;重金属;风险评价

中图分类号 S141 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-7731（2021）24-0080-05

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution from Livestock and Poultry Manure Fertilizer in Beijing

FAN Shanshan et al.

（Beijing Soil Fertilizer Extension Service Station， Beijing 100029， China）

Abstract： With the development of animal husbandry intensification and large-scale， the livestock manure output and promotion is increasing， and heavy metal pollution from livestock and poultry manure is increasingly prominent. To prevent and control environmental pollution from livestock and poultry manure， promote the safe use of livestock waste and the development of organic food， the article was studied with nine kinds of manure samples from 2011 to 2019 as the experimental material. The content of the Hg、As、Pb、Cr and Cd were analyzed， the degree of pollution was evaluated by the Nemerow comprehensive pollution indexes and the the potential ecological risk was evaluated by adopting Hakanson ecological risk index. The results show that the content of all the kinds of livestock and poultry manure are under the scope of the Technical specification for animal manure composting， and the exceeding rate is relatively low. The comprehensive pollution index was clean and safe level， using to the farm does not cause serious heavy metal pollution problems. But there are certain ecological risks， especially the Hg and Cd in sheep and farm compost are the moderate or strong ecological risk. The management should be strengthened and ecological pollution should be strictly controlled in the composting and harmless treatment of livestock manure in the future.

Key words： Livestock and poultry manure fertilizer; Heavy metals; Risk assessment

近年來，我国养殖方式从家庭散养向规模化养殖迅速转变，畜牧业养殖区、养殖大户的建设逐渐增多，规模化、集约化程度不断提高，养殖量快速增长[1]。与此同时，伴随产物畜禽粪便排放量也在不断增加，到2016年将达到3.8×109t，但畜禽粪便资源化利用率不高，仅60%[2]，由此产生了农业面源污染等一系列环境污染问题。畜禽粪便农用是比较常见的处理方式，2017年农业农村部制定《畜禽粪污资源化利用行动方案（2017—2020年）》，全面推进畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用，促进畜禽粪污还田利用[3]。……