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我院耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素分析

2020-12-23解建茹姚燕郝永刚王彩霞

中国实用医药 2020年32期
关键词:鲍曼耐药杆菌

解建茹 姚燕 郝永刚 王彩霞

【摘要】 目的 了解鮑曼不动杆菌(AB)感染的临床特征, 分析耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)感染的危险因素。方法 243例确诊为鲍曼不动杆菌感染的患者, 根据药敏结果, 按分离的鲍曼不动杆菌菌株对碳青酶烯类抗生素(亚胺培南和美罗培南)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)不同分为CRAB组(MIC≥16 mg/L, 66例)及碳青霉烯类敏感鲍曼不动杆菌(CSAB)组(MIC≤4 mg/L, 177例)。分析CRAB感染的危险因素。结果 经单因素分析, 两组患者的住院天数、气管插管或气切、低蛋白、有创机械通气、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHEⅡ)评分≥20分、胃管、三代头孢、氨基糖苷类、哌拉西林、3种以上抗生素应用、头孢哌酮舒巴坦钠、米诺环素、分离出CRAB前应用亚胺培南或美罗培南、联合应用抗生素情况比较, 差异均具有统计学意义 (P<0.05) ;两组患者的基础疾病、入住重症加强护理病房(ICU)、尿管、动脉穿刺、深静脉置管、二代头孢、喹诺酮情况比较, 差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。将单因素分析中具有显著性意义的14个变量再进行Logistic回归分析, 结果显示:APACHEⅡ评分≥20分[OR=3.847, 95%CI=(1.240, 11.932), P=0.020<0.05], 分离出CRAB前应用亚胺培南或美罗培南[OR=2.295, 95%CI=(1.062, 4.960), P=0.035<0.05], 有创机械通气[OR=4.107, 95%CI=(1.310, 12.875), P=0.015<0.05]是CRAB感染的独立危险因素。CRAB组因医院获得性肺炎(HAP)死亡6例(9.09%), CSAB组因HAP死亡12例(6.78%), 两组患者的死亡率比较, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 APACHEⅡ评分≥20分、有创机械通气及分离出CRAB前应用亚胺培南或美罗培南是CRAB感染的独立危险因素, 临床应引起注意。

【关键词】 耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌;危险因素;感染

DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2020.32.065

【Abstract】 Objective   To understand the clinical features of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) infection and analyze the risk factors of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Methods   According to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Acinetobacter baumannii strains against carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem and meropenem), 243 patients diagnosed with Acinetobacter baumannii infection were divided into CRAB group (MIC≥16 mg/L, 66 cases) and carbapenem-sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii (CSAB) group (MIC≤4 mg/L, 177 cases). The risk factors of CRAB infection was analyzed. Results   By univariate analysis, there was statistically significant difference in hospitalization time, tracheal intubation or tracheotomy, low protein, invasive mechanical ventilation, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHEⅡ) score ≥20 points, gastric tube, third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, piperacillin, application of more than three antibiotics, cefoperazone and sulbactam sodium, minocycline, application of imipenem or meropenem before isolation of CRAB, and combined application of antibiotics between the two groups (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in basic diseases, intensive care unit (ICU), urinary catheter, arterial puncture, deep vein catheterization, second generation cephalosporin, quinolone between the two groups (P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis was performed on 14 variables with significant significance in the univariate analysis. The results showed that: APACHEⅡ score ≥ 20 points [OR=3.847, 95%CI=(1.240, 11.932), P=0.020<0.05], and application of imipenem or meropenem before isolation of CRAB [OR=2.295, 95%CI=(1.062, 4.960), P=0.035<0.05], invasive mechanical ventilation [OR=4.107, 95%CI=(1.310, 12.875), P=0.015<0.05] were independent risk factors for CRAB infection. There were 6 deaths (9.09%) from hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in CRAB group and 12 deaths (6.78%) from HAP in CSAB group. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion   APACHEⅡ score ≥ 20 points, invasive mechanical ventilation and application of imipenem or meropenem before isolation of CRAB are independent risk factors for CRAB infection, which should be paid attention to clinically.

本研究探讨了CRAB感染发生的独立危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析发现, 机械通气是CRAB感染发生的独立危险因素。这和Dizbay等[6]的研究结论一致。考虑是因为进行机械通气时, 呼吸系统防御功能受损, 定植于口咽部的细菌及声门下的分泌物的误吸有利于致病菌的入侵, 同时形成的冷凝水易在呼吸机管道中受细菌污染, 增加了细菌感染的发生。

APACHEⅡ评分是一个能够反映重症患者病情的严重性及预后的指标, 近年来广泛用于各大医院的ICU科室[7]。APACHEⅡ评分分值高, 提示患者病情危重, 合并的基础疾病多, 对有创监测和治疗的手段需求大, 接受人工气道或各种侵袭性操作多, 对抗生素依赖程度显著增加, 破坏宿主的正常防御屏障, 易出现鲍曼不动杆菌的院内感染。

Costa等[8]提出, APACHEⅡ评分≥20分是入住 ICU的标准, 当 APACHEⅡ评分≥20分时病死率较高, 入住 ICU 治疗能获得益处。本研究结果也提示, APACHEⅡ评分≥20分是CRAB感染发生的独立危险因素。这和Zheng等[9]的研究结论一致。

本研究指出, 分离出CRAB之前应用碳青霉烯类抗生素是CRAB感染的独立危险因素。Falagas等[10]均曾报道过, 与本研究相符。较多的研究都是针对成人的, 在张同强等[11]对32例儿童CRAB耐药性分析中也指出, 检出CRAB前使用碳青霉烯类抗生素是发病的独立危险因素。西班牙的一项报道[12]亦证实了碳青霉烯类抗生素使用可以引起碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的爆发, 后经实施联合感染控制策略, 限制碳青霉烯类抗生素使用, 结果, 鲍曼不动杆菌感染及定植的发病率急剧减少。这提醒临床要严格、合理的应用抗生素, 减少抗生素的耐药, 避免严重感染的爆发。

本院鲍曼不动杆菌HAP死亡率为7.41%, 要低于国际报道的7.8%~43%[13], 考虑可能与患者入院时患者的病情轻重有关, CRAB组因HAP死亡6例(9.09%), CSAB組因HAP死亡12例(6.78%), 两组患者的死亡率比较, 差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与Daniels等[14]的研究一致。

鲍曼不动杆菌对现有抗菌药物的耐药现象日益严峻, CRAB、泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌相继出现, 使临床可用的抗菌药物非常有限, 根据《中国鲍曼不动杆菌感染诊治与防控专家共识》[15], 尽管目前还可以选择多粘菌素及米诺环素、头孢哌酮舒巴坦, 但近几年对鲍曼不动杆菌抗菌药物耐药率的研究发现, 这几种抗生素对鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率在逐年上升[2]。因此, 必须不断寻找控制及治疗CRAB的方法, 采取有效的防控措施, 防止CRAB的传播。

参考文献

[1] Ballouz T, Aridi J, Afif C, et al. Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Acinetobacter baumannii Bacteremia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2017(7):156.

[2] Hu FP, Guo Y, Zhu DM, et al. Resistance trends among clinical isolates in China reported from CHINET surveillance of bacterial resistance, 2005-2014. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016, 22(1):9-14.

[3] Rozaidi SW, Sukro J, Dan A. The incidence of nosocomial infection in the intensive care uint. Med J Malaysia, 2001, 56(2):207.

[4] Righi E, Peri AM, Harris PNA, et al. Global prevalence of carbapenem resistance in neutropenic patients and association with mortality and carbapenem use:systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2017, 72(3):668-677.

[5] Abdulzahra AT, Khalil MAF, Elkhatib WF. First report of colistin resistance among carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered from hospitalized patients in Egypt. New Microbes New Infect, 2018, 24(26):53-58.

[6] Dizbay M, Tunccan OG, Sezer BE, et al. Nosocomial imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: epidemiology and risk factors. Scand J Infect Dis, 2010, 42(10):741-746.

[7] Braber A, van Zanten AR. Unravelling post-ICU mortality: predictors and causes of death. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2010, 27(5): 486-490.

[8] Costa JI, Gomes do Amaral JL, Munechika M, et al. Severity and prognosis in intensive care: prospective application of the APACHE Ⅱ index. Sao Paulo Med J, 1999, 117(5):205-214.

[9] Zheng YL, Wan YF, Zhou LY, et al. Risk Factors and Mortality of Patients With Nosocomial Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Pneumonia. Am J Infect Control, 2013, 41(7):e59-e63.

[10] Falagas ME, Kopterides P. Risk factors for the isolation of multi-drug. resistant Acnetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa:a systematic review of the literature. J Hosp Infect, 2006, 64(1):7-15.

[11] 張同强, 董琳, 王志远, 等. 儿童耐碳青霉烯类抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌感染32例临床及耐药性分析. 中华儿科杂志, 2011, 49(7): 545-549.

[12] Corbella X, Montero A, Pujol M, et al. Emergence and rapid spread of Carbapenem resistance during a large and sustained hospital outbreak  of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J Clin Microbiol, 2000, 38(11):4086-4095.

[13] Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA, SiemposII. Attributable mortality of Acineto bacter baumannii infections in critically ill patients: a system atic revivwof matched cohort and case-control studies. Crit Care, 2006, 10(2):R48.

[14] Daniels TL, Deppen S, Arbogast PG, et al. Mortality rates associated with multidrug resistantAcinetobacter baumannii infections in surgical intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2008(29):1080-1083.

[15] 陈佰义, 杨毅, 张菁, 等. 中国鲍曼不动杆菌感染诊治与防控专家共识. 中华医学杂志, 2012, 92(2):76-85.

[收稿日期:2020-05-27]

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