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跨文化语境下“中国古典舞”的解读

2018-01-24

当代舞蹈艺术研究 2018年3期
关键词:身韵中国古典舞古典舞

蔡 烁

引 言

“中国古典舞”的身体文化与中国哲学观、美学观紧密相关,因此在学习“中国古典舞”时需要对其文化先保持一个开放、包容以及主动的态度。特别要关注身体背后所蕴含的文化基因、时代特点、价值观念等因素,以及这些因素对形成动作形态与表现方式的影响和支撑。由此,才能在学术语境、交流语境、价值观念上达到一种适宜的认知与理解,避免只知其然而不知其所以然的问题。本文依据笔者学习“中国古典舞身韵”,以及在国际交流工作中翻译阐释“中国古典舞”身体语言的经历,以“身韵”“圆”与“气”三个概念为例,探讨“中国古典舞身韵”在跨文化交流中应该持有的学术视角及翻译阐释方法。

一、对“中国古典舞身韵”的解读

“中国古典舞身韵”创建于20世纪80年代初,创始人及代表人物为唐满城、李正一两位先生。“身韵”是“中国古典舞”的核心,代表了“中国古典舞”的身体文化观,奠定了该舞种特定的审美特征、语言风格。它不仅作用于教学训练,也影响剧目创作,成为文化身份及理念的实践载体。

目前“身韵”常被译为“Body Rhyme”“Body Rhythm”或“ Body Charm”。可以看出,“Body”为“身”的直译,而上述三种翻译对“韵”有着不同的诠释。在中国传统文化中,“韵”指情趣、韵致、风范、意味等,而 “身韵”是身体的韵味、气质和风格,是“中国古典舞”身法与韵律的总称。王伟教授在教学中对身韵的价值进行阐释时谈道,身韵从最初对传统戏曲、武术的动作语言提炼,到教学课程的建构,逐渐成为承载文化观念,形成审美与风格特征,继而影响创作语言的载体,拥有了多重意义的价值。所以无论Rhyme、Rhythm 还是Charm都无法完全涵盖中文“身韵”的所有寓意。不仅如此,在笔者与系统学习身韵的外国学生的沟通中也得到了相同的反馈,比起 “Body Rhyme”“Body Rhythm”和“Body Charm”,他们更倾向于“Shenyun”, 因为上述其他三个词组在他们的语言体系中带来的是完全不同于中文“身韵”的其他联想。由此,笔者认为在“中国古典舞”对外传播中应将身韵音译为“Shenyun”并加以阐释,让外国舞蹈从事者在对“中国古典舞”逐渐加深了解的同时熟悉“Shenyun”一词,继而使其成为英语语言中,中国舞蹈术语中的一部分。

二、对“中国古典舞身韵”中“气”与“圆”的解读

“气”与“圆”是“中国古典舞身韵”中重要的基础概念,而在与学习身韵的外国舞蹈从事者的沟通和交流中,笔者发现他们大多仅仅关注动作形态与轨迹的表层现象,而忽略了其背后的多重指意和文化承载中的内在含义。例如,对呼吸的认识,现代舞常将呼吸理解为生理现象,且常以解剖学的概念分析呼吸对动作的影响。被西方所熟知的玛莎·格雷厄姆现代舞技术核心“contraction” 与“release”,“强调的是在呼吸的一张一弛中运作脊柱多角度运动,伴随着吐气与吸气的两个身体元动作,逐渐强化,使之从真实的呼吸运动发展成为独立于真实呼吸的深层肌肉运动”[1]91。“她视‘脊柱是生命之树’,在强烈地、近乎痉挛般紧张的收缩以及随后而来的脊柱有力地伸展之中,传达出人性强烈的内在冲突与外部的撞击。”[2]26可见,在格莱姆技术中虽也强调呼吸,但更多的关注点在于呼吸所带动肌肉的肌力外化,多具有爆发性强且短促的特点。从技术层面上升到表演层面之时,会呈现“像突然被刺穿的痛苦带来的急骤收缩,蕴含着生命悲剧性的压抑;而由深深吸入的气息带动骨盆的推动,转而呈现某种对抗与冲突,在这种对抗与冲突中暗示着精神的、心理的、生理的极度焦虑与挣脱”[2]27。

然而“中国古典舞”中所讲求的“气”却更趋于意念的引导与传导,并赋予“气”更多指意。看似表象的动作其背后主导为“气”,而非力。由此,王伟教授在“身韵巡礼”教材对身韵教学逻辑系统的重新梳理中,确立了对“气”的提炼与运用,进而找到了动的内在原力。她谈到“气”对中国哲学而言,是指构成万物和宇宙的始基物质,而且也是艺术和美的根源,与人的心灵相观照。由此,在教材中建立了“气息”练习的模块,并命名为“气之源”,所谓“源”,旨在探求动作的根由和原力,确立动作启动的出处的内在性。从“坐之相”到“气之源”,再到后面的“手之语”“臂之动”“圆之轨”“步之势”,建立起由静至动、由内引外的延伸、发展的逻辑轨迹,其中,“气”是重要的内在动力。“气”不是孤立存在的,它对力产生主导作用,也与动作的运动方式及轨迹息息相关。王伟教授在教学实践中将古典舞动作的动态特点概括为“伸、展、曲”,其中“伸”与“展”靠的并非筋骨和肌肉,而是“气”的扩张与收缩,以及“意”的转化与延续。“气”不仅是所有动作的原动力,也是动作转化的方法,与“意、力”的结合,形成形神兼备、身心统一的美学特征。由此而见,西方现代舞对“气”的运用强调其借力的外化之象,而“中国古典舞”对“气”的运用强调其内在的意韵。

对于“中国古典舞”外部“力”的效果,不是以肌力为主导或仅靠生理上的呼吸而获得的,而要在呼吸的基础上,以不同的用气方式,如长气、短气、顿气、偷气、展气等(引自王伟 的《中国古典舞·身韵巡礼》)启动动作的传导与连贯,产生不同的劲力效果与动作质感。多数情况下,“中国古典舞”对“气”的运用不在于短时间内具有爆发力的凝聚与外放,更强调气平、气匀、气稳。将“气”运用于表演时,体现的并非具有戏剧张力的对抗与冲突,而是更为圆融、内敛、和谐适度。中国古人对“气”的论述,更强调与道德精神和人格力量结合起来,“气”不仅显示出艺术家的性情、风格和气质个性,更在作品中张扬人格的大度气节、气度、气象与气概的风骨。由此可见,在跨文化舞蹈交流中若将用“气”单纯翻译为“breath”(呼吸)而不加以阐释,会使对方在其自身所固有的知识体系中将其解读,殊不知在不同背景与语境下,“气”与“breath”从理论到实践都有着本质性的区别。

在“中国古典舞”中很难被准确阐释却又极为重要的概念便是“圆”。“圆”存在着“显性”和“隐性”两层含义,所谓“显性”是直观可见的形态和轨迹,所谓“隐性”是其蕴含的文化属性。“中国古典舞”是尚“圆”的艺术,无论从静态的舞姿造型到动态的运动路线,无一不追求“圆”,也是学习“中国古典舞”中易于可视的现象。因此,在跨文化的交流中,“圆”容易被浅显地理解为动作层面的形状,即圆圈、圆形等。然而,“圆”看似是一种动作现象但更为核心的文化承载是其代表着中国传统文化观念的审美原理与运动法则。王伟教授在“身韵巡礼”项目的介绍中曾说道:在儒家倡导的“圆润、中庸、和谐”之美,以及道家子午阴阳辩证统一思想的引领下,“中国古典舞”确立了子午阴阳的动作原理,体现在“交错”的身体静态以及“走留”“合分”的对立统一动态中,通过“拧”与“含”的转换使动作周而复始、循环往复,形成了“圆”的理念。与此同时,“中国古典舞”中脚下重心阴阳、虚实的转换,动中有静、静中有动,刚中有柔、柔中带刚以及逢上必下、逢前必后等“一切从反面做起”的运动法则,无一不是阴阳对立统一在身体上的辩证呈现。正是在掌握了上述身体运动法则的基础上,加以气息、劲力、节奏的处理,以及对度的把握,才能使动作在起承转合中呈现无始无终且通达、流畅、自如之感。就好似中国人对待生命的态度,相信生命的轮回,不把任何事物绝对化,尚中庸,求和谐。由此可见,“圆”既是可视的外形特征,也具有价值观念等精神层面的内在寓意,是中国传统文化观的综合体现,而若在不加阐释的情况下仅将“圆”译为“Circle”“ Circular”“ Rounded”等词,是无法让外国舞蹈从事者体会其深层内涵的。

由此,笔者建议在跨文化语境下翻译传达“中国古典舞”特属概念时,尽量采用音译为主的方法,比如身韵中“气”与“圆” 可以先将其分别音译为“Qi”“Yuan”,以此,为学习者提供简洁、明了的概念印象,同时揭示“气”与“呼吸”,“圆”与“圆圈、圆形”在不同文化认知上具有差异性,保证信息接受者能理解“Qi”与“Breath”,“ Yuan”与 “Circle, Circular,Rounded”并非是完全同属的关系。然而,音译并不能全然完成对其内涵的阐释,面对中国文化的特殊与复杂性,深入的解释是更为关键的手段,也是解决中国语言表达的多义性特点的方法。

结 语

语言不仅是一种工具,更需要在实践认知的基础之上,对相关现象加以判断和选择。对翻译而言,准确揭示词义仅仅是开始,对于文化传播而言,学会在不同文化背景、学术语境和交流语境的基础上,兼顾多样性,提高接受度、理解度以及沟通的有效性,找到最佳的表述方式,才是更为重要的。

笔者在异国生活10余年后回国求学,在深入学习“中国古典舞”的身体语言两年后,倍加感悟到舞蹈传播研究紧密结合身体实践的重要性。因为有机会参与多项文化交流的翻译工作,在翻译和阐释“中国古典舞”时,笔者开始有了一些思考。跨文化语境下的交流与对文化的解读,是较为复杂的,若想做好翻译和阐释的工作,需要译者具备对舞种的本体实践与理论认知的能力,关注动作背后的文化理念与指意,运用更为多元、全面的素养站在不同文化视角上加以沟通,以实现对“中国古典舞”更为精准且客观的解读。

lnterpreting of “Chinese Classical Dance”in the Cross-cultural Context

Cai Shuo

[Abstract]

The body culture of Chinese classical dance is closely related to Chinese philosophy and aesthetics.Therefore, an open, inclusive and active attitude towards the underlying culture is crucial for learning Chinese classical dance.In particular, attention must be paid to the cultural genes, characteristics and values underlying the body culture in a certain historical context, as well as the influence of these factors on the formation of action patterns and expressions.This would improve the cognition and understanding of relevant academic issues,the communication context and values, avoiding the problem of “knowing the surface without knowing the root”.This paper takes the three concepts for example:“body rhyme,” “circle” and “qi” and examines the academic perspective and interpretation methods for communicating “Chinese classical dance rhyme” in the cross-cultural context.

The concept “Chinese classical dance body rhyme” was first introduced in the early 1980s.The advocaters and representatives are Tang Mancheng and Li Zhengyi.“Body rhyme” is the core concept of Chinese classical dance and embodies the body concept of Chinese classical dance which supports the aesthetic characteristics and language style of Chinese classical dance.It not only works in teaching and training, but also affects repertoire building and becomes the practical carrier of cultural identity and concept.From the initial extraction of movement language from traditional operas and martial arts to the academic development of teaching curriculum, body rhyme has gradually become a carrier of cultural concepts, acquired its own aesthetic characteristics and style, and then influenced the language of creation.In short, it has multiple values.Therefore,neither “rhyme,” “rhythm” nor “charm” can cover the meanings of “body charm.” Therefore, this paper believes that in international communication of Chinese classical dance, the concept “body rhyme” should be referred to with the transliteration of the Chinese term “Shenyun”and supplemented with an explanation.

“Qi” and “circle” are important concepts of “Chinese classical dance” and its body rhyme.This paper discovers that most foreign dancers focus exclusively on the superficial forms but ignore its multiple meanings and its inherent cultural connotation.For example, the term “qi”in Chinese classical dance is more about consciousness,so the concept means more than physical breathing.“Qi” is not only the source of all movements, but also the means of action transformation.Combined with “will” and“strength”, it generates the key aesthetic characteristics of Chinese classical dance: integration of form and spirit and unity of mind and body.The usage of “qi” in Chinese classical dance emphasizes its deep-level meaning.When “qi” is applied to performance, it does not create confrontation or conflicts with dramatic tension but makes the presentation more harmonious and smoother.In short, if “qi” is literally translated into “breath” or“breathing” without further explanation in the crosscultural dance context, it would be interpreted in the schematic knowledge system of the audience.It must be remembered that in different backgrounds, “qi” and“breath” have fundamental differences either in theory or practice.

Another concept in Chinese classical dance which is difficult to explain accurately but is extremely important is “circle”.“Circle” has the explicit and implicit meanings.The explicit meaning refers to visible forms while the implicit meaning is its deeper cultural connotation.“Circle” seems to be an action concept but essentially it represents the aesthetic principle and law of movement under a certain cultural concept.Prof.Wang Wei once remarked that under the Confucian principle that beauty rests with “roundness, moderateness and harmony” and the Taoist beliefin the unity of yin and yang, Chinese classical dance should simulate the action relationships between yin and yang and highight the unity of static and dynamic forms.When actions are repeated and reciprocated to realize eternal conversion,they would form circles.It is like the Chinese attitude toward life.Believing in samsara, or the cycle oflives,but not seeing anything as absolute, Chinese people advocate the great “mean” and seek for harmony.In this sense, “circle” is not only a visual feature, but also an inner attribute at the spiritual level, just like a value concept.It is an embodiment of the traditional Chinese culture.Without further explanation, the term “circle”or its correlatives like circular and roundness would not make much sense to foreign dancers.

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