摘 要：传统伦理中的“责任”只是人对人的责任，忽视了对人的环境责任的讨论。根据罗尔斯顿等人的看法，自然物也具有一定的能动性，并且是和人一样的主体；自然物继续以原有的状态存在下去，是自然本身所具有的天然权利。根据这种观点，人们对自然承担责任就被看成了自然提出的要求，环境责任其实是自然对人发出的命令。这种自然主义的解释立场，因为忽视了人自身所具有的主动性，也无视了人与自然之间的差异性，就不能充分理解环境责任的合理性。实际上，责任意识的建立和发展与人的理性紧密相关，只有人的理性发展到了一定程度才能够认识到自己的责任。在人与自然的关系中，人是唯一能对行为的做与不做作出理性选择的因素，是唯一能负起环境责任的道德主体。但人的能力是存在差别的，每个人能够承担的环境责任也不一样。在环境责任的认定方面，我们非常需要关心的一对概念就是集体责任和个体责任。由于人类行为的集体性及其后果的累积性，一些集体行为的长期后果很难归咎到具体的行为者。但是，如果离开了个人对责任的实际承担，所谓的集体责任很有可能演变成“有组织的不负责任”。因此，人们应该不断地发展自己的理性，并在与自然的互动中承担起与个人能力相应的环境责任。

关键词：环境责任；公共责任；理性；个人

Abstract： The “responsibility” in traditional ethics is only related to human beings， and humans responsibility for environment has been denied. According to philosophers like Rolston， natural beings also have a certain degree of subjectivity， and they should be considered and treated as subjects； natural beings have right to preserve their original states. Accordingly， its a requirement of nature that human beings should be responsible for environment. However， because of the neglect of human beings initiative and of the difference between man and nature， Rolstons naturalistic explanation can not fully justify the reasonability of environmental responsibility. As a matter of fact， the establishment and development of responsibility awareness is closely interrelated with human rationality. People recognize their responsibilities only when their rationality matures. In the relationship between man and nature， man is the only subject who can make rational decisions about their activities and take responsibilities. Individuals are different in their abilities， and their responsibilities for environment are different accordingly. In the judgment of environmental responsibility， two concepts that we focus on are collective responsibility and individual responsibility. On some occasions， due to the accumulation of human behaviors and the long?term consequences of some collective actions， specific individuals are not to be blamed. But without individuals taking commitment and responsibility， the so?called collective responsibility is likely to turn out to be “organized irresponsibility”. Therefore， people should keep developing their rationality and shoulder environmental responsibility in accordance with their abilities in the interactions with nature.

Key words： environmental responsibility； public responsibility； rationality； individual

由于环境的公共性，环境责任本身即具有“公共责任”的含义。……