林国模　李正然　潘晓芬

[摘要] 目的 調查中山市小学儿童进行遗尿症患病率及特征，为儿童遗尿症防治提供参考依据。 方法 于2015年10月～2016年3月采用分层、整群随机抽样法，对中山市6625名6～13岁小学生进行遗尿症问卷调查，并分析小学儿童遗尿症患病率、遗尿特征，以及其对儿童心理相关影响和家长态度等。 结果 共6625例儿童纳入研究，有遗尿症者684例（10.3%）。男女之比1.94∶1，年龄（8.79±3.54）岁；其中6～7岁119例（17.40%），8～10岁396例（57.89%），11～13岁169例（24.71%）。原发性遗尿症636例（93%）；发生季节以冬季为主238例（35%）；轻中型（遗尿次数<4次/周）625例（91.4%），重型（遗尿次数≥5次/周）59例（8.6%）；入睡后遗尿发生>6 h为285例（41.6%），其次是4～6 h为192例（28%）；遗尿量以小量为主416例（60.8%）；既往有泌尿系统疾病22例（3.2%），有遗尿家族史者213例（31.1%）。按遗尿程度分组比较，两组间限制晚饭后喝水和睡前小便率的差异统计学意义（P < 0.05）。 结论 儿童遗尿症发病率较高，大部分遗尿症患儿存在心理压力且注意力受到影响，家长重视程度不够。需要做好健康宣教普及遗尿症相关知识，及早干预。

[关键词] 遗尿症；儿童；患病率

[中图分类号] R726.9 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210（2017）01（c）-0109-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of the children with enuresis in Zhongshan， in order to provide references for children health and disease prevention. Methods Multilevel clustering random sampling was used in this epidemiological investigation from October 2015 to March 2016. 6625 children aged 6-13 years were recruited to complete the enuresis questionnaires in order to analyze the prevalence of enuresis， the characteristics and the attitudes of parents. Results 6625 children were enrolled. There were 684 cases of enuresis （10.3%）； the ratio of male to female was 1.94∶1， 119 cases were 6 to 7 years old （17.40%）， 396 cases were 8 to 10 years old （57.89%）， 169 cases were 11 to 13 years old （24.71 %）. There were 636 （93%） cases were primary enuresis， 48 cases （7%） were secondary enuresis； 238 enuresis cases （35%） occurred mainly in winter； 625 cases （91.4%） had light and medium nocturnal enuresis （<4 times/week）， 59 cases （8.6%） were severe nocturnal enuresis（≥5 times/week）， the time of enuresis after sleep： >6 h were 285 cases （41.6%）， at the next， 4-6 h were 192 cases （28%）. 416 cases （60.8%） with enuresis had a small amount. Some children with nocturnal enuresis were found to have some organic abnormalities： urinary system diseases in 22 cases （3.2%）， positive family history of enuresis in 213 cases （31.1%）. The differences of the rates of "limit drinking water after dinner" and "bedtime urinate" between different degree of enuresis groups were compared， the difference was statistically significant （P < 0.05）. Conclusion The prevalence of enuresis primary children is high. The majority of children with enuresis have psychological pressure and their attention are affected， but parents do not pay enough attention. So health promotion and education， early examinations and treatment should be performed early.

[Key words] Enuresis； Children； Prevalence

儿童遗尿症指儿童到了能够控制膀胱排尿的年龄仍不能从夜间睡眠中醒来而发生的无意识排尿行为。遗尿症虽不会对儿童造成急性伤害，但长期夜间遗尿常常给患者和家长带来心理压力，对其生活造成严重不利影响[1-2]，因此一直是家长苦恼、医生们应予重视的问题[3-4]。近几年来，遗尿症调查和研究已引起国内儿科界重视[5]，各地分布情况如何尚无大样本调查。本研究通过对中山地区6～13岁小学进行生遗尿症问卷调查，旨在了解遗尿患儿的发病状况和相关的临床问题，为预防和干预提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

本次调查采取全市按人口分布特征排序分层，随机整群抽样方法，于2015年10月～2016年3月从中山市24个区镇按东西南北中地域抽取5个区镇小学校里共6625名学生进行遗尿症问卷调查，调查对象为抽样小学内全部的6～13岁小学生。……