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胸腰椎爆裂骨折手术治疗的现状与进展

2017-03-21黄揆孙明林李军

中国医药导报 2017年3期

黄揆 孙明林 李军

[摘要] 严重三柱不稳定型骨折即胸腰椎爆裂骨折的患者逐渐增多,由于骨折生物力学的飞速发展,骨折的治疗效果随之提高。治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折常用的手术方式主要包括后路手术、前路手术、前后路联合手术等,但是国内外学者对于胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者采用哪种手术方式是最好的选择并无统一结论。本文对胸腰椎爆裂骨折手术治疗的现状与进展作一综述,为指导临床手术方案提供依据。

[关键词] 脊柱骨折;腰椎骨折;手术治疗;脊柱创伤

[中图分类号] R683.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)01(c)-0056-04

[Abstract] Patients with unstable fracture of three column, namely thoracolumbar burst fracture are getting more and more. With the rapid development of fracture mechanics, the treatment effect of fracture is improving. Common surgical methods of thoracolumbar burst fracture include posterior operation, anterior approach, combined anterior and posterior approach, and so on, however, there is no unified theory by scholars at home and abroad on which surgical approach is the best choice for treating patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture. In this paper, further overview of current situation and progress of surgical treatment on thoracolumbar burst fracture is carried out, so as to provide basis for guiding clinical operation plan.

[Key words] Spinal fracture; Lumbar vertebrae fracture; Surgical treatment; Spinal trauma

在脊柱创伤中胸腰椎骨折较常见,爆裂骨折占胸腰段骨折的10%~20%,爆裂骨折是指前柱和中柱的骨折和粉碎伴随骨折碎片侵入椎管,并且可能造成后柱的损伤。青壮年发病率高,好发于T12和L1,通常有不同程度的神经损伤,活动严重受限,容易造成患者生活质量低下,加重患者、家属和社会的负担[1]。国内外学者对胸腰椎爆裂骨折(TBF)患者采用何种手术方案,众说纷纭,目前常用于临床的手术治疗方法主要有后路手术、前路手术、前后路联合手术等,但仍然缺乏公认的标准[2]。

1 TBF的损伤机制、定义及分类

Roaf[3]于1960年首先提出了TBF的损伤机制:脊柱在受到轴向压缩载荷时,椎间盘压力增高导致椎体终板骨折,随着载荷的进一步增加,髓核可通过骨折的终板被挤入椎体,导致椎体内压力增高而发生椎体爆裂,椎体后缘骨折碎块进入椎管压迫神经导致神经损伤。……

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