婚姻的困境与突围
——基于缅甸抱村婚姻变迁的人类学考察
2016-06-13钟小鑫
钟小鑫
(云南大学西南边疆少数民族研究中心 昆明 650091)
婚姻的困境与突围
——基于缅甸抱村婚姻变迁的人类学考察
钟小鑫
(云南大学西南边疆少数民族研究中心昆明 650091)
[关键词]缅甸;缅族;婚姻变迁;民族主义;佛教;互联网
[摘要]在缅族的传统文化中,婚恋自由、性别平等的观念一直被着重强调,也常被人类学家所称道。但在过去的二三十年中,缅族的婚姻遭遇了许多困境,具体表现在婚姻结合越来越困难,适婚男女的独身率越来越高,并且由此引发出许多个人和社会问题。通过在缅甸抱村长期的田野调查,笔者发现这一困境与缅族民族主义复兴、佛教转向等原因有着密切的关联。近年来,随着互联网及移动设备在缅甸乡村社会的普及,基于网恋的新型婚姻模式在某种程度上成为解决这一困境的途径。
Abstract:In the traditional culture of Burmese, the conceptions of free marriage and gender equality have always been emphasized, while the stable, sustainable and healthy marriage culture of the Burmese people has also been appreciated a lot by anthropologists. However, in the past twenty or thirty years, the Burmese marriage has encountered many predicaments, which specifically show in the increasing difficulty of marriage contracts and the increasing high rate of single marriageable people, which have led to many personal and social problems. Through long-term field work at Bao Village in Myanmar, I found that this predicament has close relations with the revival of Burmese ethnicity, Buddhism turn and so on. In recent years, as the prevalence of Internet and mobile devices in the rural society of Myanmar, a new marital pattern based on Internet dating has become in certain senses an effective way to solve this predicament.
引言
在过去的二三十年间,缅甸人的婚姻遭遇了重要转型,具体表现在婚龄被不断推迟,婚姻结合越来越困难,独身主义盛行,生育率下降等。这种转变引起了学界的关注。人口学家葛文·琼斯(Gavin W. Jones)在2007年的一项研究中指出,1970年,在缅甸30-44岁的女性群体中,未婚率是15.5%,而2000年,这一数据已经蹿升至40.7%,25-34岁间的未婚男女比例达到33.1%[1]。与其他社会比较,缅甸在1970年的数据还处于世界的平均水平,但是到2000年时,未婚率已经远远超出了世界平均水平。针对这一现象,笔者于2013年12月开始在缅甸抱村从事田野工作,至今在抱村的实地考察已经累计超过一年。在此过程中,笔者曾有一个月的时间在抱村的寺庙中剃度为僧,还俗后便与村民同吃同住同劳动,习得了缅甸语。……
