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基于英语词块理论的高考语言知识复习与写作教学实践

2016-04-18陈春华湖南省长沙市长郡中学

新课程(中学) 2016年2期
关键词:词块

陈春华(湖南省长沙市长郡中学)



基于英语词块理论的高考语言知识复习与写作教学实践

陈春华
(湖南省长沙市长郡中学)

摘要:在组织学生进行语言知识复习的过程中渗透英语词块的概念,并将复习的词块与写作训练对接,是提高高中生英语写作能力的有效途径。在主持课题《中学英语写作教学中词块理论的应用研究》过程中,依据词块理论,从着力培养学生的词块意识入手,融词块记忆于运用词块写作之中。主要简介词块的定义,解析词块的分类,阐明词块的意义,介绍了如何在高三语言知识复习教学中有效指导学生积累运用词块、放飞思维、自由写作的心得。

关键词:词块;词块分类;词块意识;词块与教学;高效写作

自2012年以来,湖南省教育考试院一直在进行“湖南省高考英语科考生水平的评价与建议”的课题研究。以2012年的研究数据显示满分为25分的英语作文题,考生的平均分仅为11.92分,示范学校平均分13.95分;2013年示范学校13.23分,非示范校仅仅9.18分。湖南考试卷作文难度从2010到2014年依次为0.453、0.456、0.477、0.434、0.510,是考生丢分的“大户”。考生在考试中整体失分多,低水平的考生望题兴叹、无从下手,中等生能写上几个句子,但是句子词不达意,错误百出!之所以如此的惨烈,主要原因自然是考生的语料输入太少,写作语料库沉淀严重不足,基本的语法没有掌握!但考生表现不尽如人意的背后,教师难道不应该反思吗?事实上,高中英语写作教学一直是一个薄弱环节。

我们知道,阅读是语言输入的源泉,是写作的根基,而写作是语言输出的重要方式之一,是学生综合语言运用能力的体现。显然,备战高考时要求学生进行大量的阅读输入练习的确不太现实,那有什么好办法呢?今天,我在这里给大家介绍一位“好朋友”——Lexical chunks——词汇板块,简称“词块”!

语言学家对大量的真实英语材料进行语料分析后发现,英语自然话语中有90%是通过词块来实现的。(Alenberg,1998)

一、什么是词块

语言学家Lewis认为,人们在建构语句时,会使用一些预先编制好的词块。“词块”(lexical chunks),是指语言使用中形成的惯例化的语言构块,具有很高的重现率,在语言交际时,作为预制组块可以整体快速提取使用。因此,词块具有较为稳定的语法结构、稳定的搭配意义和特定的语用环境,融合了语法、语义和语境的优势,有助于语言产出的流利性和选词的地道性。

二、词块的分类

1.短语(polyword)

短语由两个或两个以上的单词组成。短语的特点是构成成分固定不变,其语义不能从构成短语的每个单词的意义中推断出来。

如:in spite of,regardless of,as a result,in a word,in brief;after all,all in all,under a black cloud,in very low spirits,over themoon,on cloud nine,fly off the handle。

2.搭配语(collocation)

搭配是所有语言共有的一种现象,是指词项在长期的使用中逐步形成的一种关系。最典型的是动词与介词、副词或者介副词一起;动词-名词,形容词-名词的搭配等。

如:give up,look after,look up to,come across,break down;heavy smokers,hot temper,green hills and blue waters,say hello to,pay attention to。

3.惯用语(institutionalized utterances)

通常指作为独立话语、相当于句子的词汇短语,绝大多数是规范类的、不改变形式的谚语、格言和社会公式话语等。

如:Long time no see.

W here there is a will,there is a way.

Every coin has two sides.

It rain cats and dogs.

It depends.

You’re wanted on the phone.

As far as Iam concerned,...

Imean it.

4.语句框架(sentence frames)

语句框架是一种带有空位的结构性短语:运用不同的词汇或短语来填充语句框架中的空位时生成了表达不同意义或观点的句子。它为完整地表达某种意义或观点提供了一个基本结构。语句框架形式是一个开放的结构,可以衍生出不同的意义变化。

如:I’d like to+ v,but Ihave to+v表示委婉的拒绝。

其他的语句框架如:

One little known fact is that...

Going to...wasa very...experience.

A survey about...wasconducted on...in...

(M6U1Reading)There are a variety ofstylesof...Some...Other... Yetother...The lastkind of...

(M7 U3 Reading)My name is...and Iam speaking in favor of...I believe that...has positive effecton...There are twomain pointswhich mustbe included whenwe analyze...The first is its...The second is...

三、词块理论指导英语写作教学的意义

掌握词块:

1.有利于学习者巩固词汇记忆和增强学习信心

词块记忆符合认知和大脑记忆的基本规律,学生积累的语块越丰富、越熟练,读写语言能力就越强。

2.有利于学习者对篇章的整体控制能力

词块是语篇功能和语篇意义的结合,要想正确地理解或生成语篇,必须掌握这些语言结构。

3.有利于增强表达的流利性

没有预制或半预制的词块作为生成和理解的捷径,要做到语言表达的准确流利是困难的。

四、基于词块理论的高三语言知识复习与写作实践

1.研发基于词块积累的读本,拓展学生的写作语料库

每周以小报的形式速印一份发给学生。读本的选择基于词块和高考常考的体裁和话题。读本选料可来自教材的精彩段落、试卷的阅读语篇、英语网站的时文、报纸上的佳篇美文,还有学生的佳作。这样研发出来的读本只为高考写作服务,具有很强的针对性、借鉴性、示范性和实效性。

读本部分范例:

1.教材精彩段落

句子框架类:Lexicalchunks

(M10U2 Reading)Youngmobile adultsgivemany different reasons for swapping their home town for bog cities.Some are looking for a good job,while some others seek exciting and fun things to do.The one thing that is clear,however,is that young people are speaking with one voice:“To the cities!”

人们对于为什么……给出了许多不同的理由。有些人……,而有些人……。不过有一点是肯定的,那就是……

搭配语类:Lexicalchunks

(M10U2 Project)This collision of cultures between Europe and the Romany led to many nations taking action against them,even banning Romany groups from entering.Lawswere oncemade to try and break up their families,and force them to settle and become partof society.Men and boysweremade to join thearmy orwork,and womenwere forbidden from having children.

2.学生习作

3.试卷阅读语篇——(图标类体裁写作词块)

About90 per centofChinese believe the polarization between the rich and poor is“serious”in China,according to a survey conducted by China Youth Daily.And more than 80 per cent of the respondents surveyed said somethingmust be done to narrow the expanding gap between the rich and poor,while 14.1 per centsaid itwasunnecessary.

The polarization has aroused wide concern among the public in recentyears.The State Developmentand Reform Commission said the GiniCoefficienthad reached 0.47 forChina,up from 0.29 two decadesago.

To find out the people’s view,the survey covered 10,250 respondents,between the ages of 20 and 30 with a college education and a monthly salary between 1,000 and 3,000 yuan.Surprisingly,mostdisagreed with the view ofexpertswho claim the urban-rural difference is causing thewidening gap.More than 70 per centof the respondentsbelieved that“the group ofspecial interests:”is the prime reason for the polarization.Followed by“people in power”68 percent,and“bosses”50 percent.

4.报纸美文

A Lifelong Career

As food is to the body,so is learning to the mind.Our bodies grow and muscles develop with the intake of adequate nutritious food. Likewise,we should keep learning day by day tomaintain our keen mental power and expand our intellectual capacity.Constant learning suppliesuswith inexhaustible fuel for driving us to sharpen our powerof reasoning,analysis,and judgment.Learning incessantly is the surest way to keep pacewith the times in the information age,and an infalliblewarrantofsuccess in timesofuncertainty.

Once learning stops,vegetation sets in.It isa common fallacy to regard schoolas the onlyworkshop for the acquisition ofknowledge.On the contrary,learning should be a never-ending process,from the cradle to the grave.W ith the world ever changing so fast,the cease from learning for justa few dayswillmake a person lag behind.W hat’sworse,the animalistic instinctdormantdeep in our sub-consciousnesswill come to life,weakening ourwill to pursue our noble ideal,sapping our determination to sweep away obstacles to our success and strangling our desire for the refinement of our character.Lack of learning will inevitably lead to the stagnation of the mind,or even worse,its fossilization,Therefore,to staymentally young,we have to take learningasa lifelong career.

2.让学生体会词块的魅力,培养学生的词块意识,提高语言输出的地道性

通过有趣的导入,借助精选的文章或汉语词组(高一到高三各应有所不同),给学生上一堂难忘的“词块课”,让学生明白词块有多媚!

例如:对高三学生的课,老师可精心挑选两篇自己班上学生的习作,都没有语法错误,但其中一篇词块亮丽,因而得了高分。至于为什么,则亮出高考英语作文的评分细则说事,让学生明白词块的“魅力”源自高考阅卷的评分标准。作文的评分细则有三处是这样阐述的:“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇”“语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”“有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑”。也可以拿“开”说事。给学生中文词组,让学生填入一词完成这个中文词组对应的不同英语单词。“开门open the door,开机器operate a machine,开灯turn on the light,开拓视野broaden one’s outlook,开会hold ameeting,开店run/keep a shop,开介绍信write a letterof introduction,开车drive a car,开夜车work late into thenight”。

(1)让学生明白词块的魅力源自高考阅卷的评分标准:作文的评分细则有三处是这样阐述的:“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇”“语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”“有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑”。

(2)要求学生标出读本上语篇中的词块,早自习以读“读本”为主。

(3)要求学生在每次写作后,自己用红笔以波浪线的形式标出词块;根据学生使用词块的情况评判学生的作文分数。

(4)重视每一次写作后的讲评。精选两篇学生的佳作,汇集许多学生含有词块的佳句,精心编排后印发给学生。让学生在互相欣赏中、体验成功中、热切期待中不断进步。

3.指导学生以话题、题材或体裁为主线,汇集相关的词块群,形成语料库,以备写作之需

例1:关于描写国家或地区的词块

...is located in ...,with history of...,covers an area of...,has a population of/area of...,world famous place of interest...,be known as...,scenic sports,political,historical and cultural center...,be worth visiting...,breath-taking scene...

例2:关于问题分析和解决方案的写作句子框架类词块

It is universally acknowledged that t...is closely related to ... However,...are faced with a series of...s problems atpresent,ranging from t...to...

There are several reasons for this severe problem.First and foremost,...In addition,...Lastbutnot least,...

In view of the seriousness of the problem,effective measures mustbe taken to improve the situation.

Firstly,it is essential that...Secondly,...attach more importance to...Also,...Only by taking these actions can the problem be coped with...

例3:描写人们心理活动的词块

behappywith对……感到幸福/满意/开心look back on...with satisfaction  回想……感到心满意足be fond of  喜欢,酷爱,感兴趣beeager for success/tosucceed.  渴望成功have respect for  尊重,敬仰develop an interestin  对……产生兴趣;培养对……的兴趣begin to think about  开始思考/考虑/琢磨;萌发了……的念头with great interest/in high spirits/with delight/fullof joy  兴致勃勃地;兴高采烈地;havebutterflies in one’sstomach/haveants in one’spants  坐立不安feel troubled and uneasy/illatease/nervousand uneasy  忐忑不安getupsetover sth.  为某事忐忑不安be in deep anxiety/Dayswearon likeyears  焦心苦虑;度日如年hang(on)in there/keep one’schin up/benotdiscouraged  保持信心;坚持下去;不气馁feel fresh/completely relaxed and happy  (感觉)心旷神怡be in low spirits/down in the dumps/loseone’sspirits  垂头丧气,无精打采,心灰意冷beworried about/torn by anxiety

4.特别重视课堂内外的模仿写作训练,使学生在仿写中树立信心,创新自己的写作模板

回想儿时的我们,最初的汉语写作不也经历过仿写的过程吗?要仿写好作文,学生就必须要读懂、读熟范文,读写结合,以读促写,长期坚持下来,读写能力可能同时并进。仿写的训练是利用求同的思维,能有效解决学生不知和不会写的困难,引导学生写作入门。仿写是手段,学生在多次仿写体会到成功的喜悦之后,会逐渐由仿写向创作过渡,最终提升写作能力。

这里我想与大家分享我在实施词块教学中的一个案例。

授课内容:模块六第二单元Reading:The search forhappiness。

记得当时reading部分整体理解完成之后,我给学生当天布置的家庭作业是仿写课文的第一段。收上学生的作业后,我静心地赏读他们的作品,激动不已。当时我记下了10个学生的仿写作品,编辑后印发给每人一张,并在课堂上让作者大声朗读自己的佳作。

课文原文:

The search forhappiness

W e are talking about happiness today.To some,happiness is being surrounded by family and friends.To others,happiness means achieving success in something,such asmeeting a goal.To otherswho have been injured orstruggled with a physicaldisability,happiness can simplymean a daywithoutsuffering,or justbeingalive.

学生的仿写作品1:

W hatis failure?

Iam talking about failure today.To some,failure isbeing together with sadness and sorrow.To others,failuremeans a big stone on their life road,and it is hard to overcome.To those who have never given up,failure can simplymean the energy to getting up from where they falland working hard again so as to be awinner in their life!

学生的仿写作品2:

W hat is Sacrifice?

Today I’d like to talk aboutsacrifice.To some,sacrifice is to give up something important or useful for a particular purpose.To others,sacrifice means devoting themselves to business or science.To those who have great personalities,sacrifice can mean making the world full of love and pretty.

5.在语言知识复习时,要求学生在规定的时间内,在语篇中快速寻找目标词块,然后根据提示的短文续写。内容不限,但写作时必须完成规定运用的词块数量

例如,在复习M5U2 Project1 Protecting the Yangtze River的语言知识时,笔者就运用了这一方法。课堂气氛活泼,能有效地激发学生的写作兴趣,提升写作质量。

1.raise/arouse people’swide concern

2.rely on/upon;depend on/upon

3.rapid development and increase in population

4.has recognized/realized the importance of doing...

5.replace one’s cropswith trees

6.nature reserves for...

7.The number of...has dropped sharply

8.one of the rarest animals

9.have a longway to go

10.underway

11.in/with regard to

12.result in/lead to/as a result to

13.put...in danger

根据提示续写下面的短文:至少用6个词块

There is no doubt that our country’s rapid economy development has resulted in people’s better lives,but unfortunately it has also led to great harm to the environment and put the wild animals in danger.The number ofwhite-flag dolphin,one of the world rarest animals,has dropped sharply,which has raised people’swide concern ...

6.经常开展“放飞写作”的活动

具体操作如下:复习课后,要求学生根据提示的词块任意写作。或者要求学生从阅读语篇习得的词块中,任意挑选6到8个练习写作,话题不限。老师阅读评价学生的作文后,挑选10篇写得好的作文,打印并发给学生传阅,坚持这样做有力于学生互相欣赏,互相学习。

以下是复习模块2 Reading language之后布置给学生的写作任务:

W rite a shortpassage onwhatever you likewith nomore than 150 words,using at leastsix of the following lexicalchunks:

学生习作:

Sometimes we have argument with our parents.It is a common problem butmakesusupset.

So,why do the arguments happens?Sometimes our parents are notsatisfied with somethingwe do.Then they are annoyed with us and punish us.Butwe think that parents find faultwith us.So,some of us may say“It’s notmy fault for doing this!”Then parents think thatwe are rude to them.So the argumenthappens.

Then what can we do with this problem?First,we should know that parents punish us because they think we are worthy of teaching. W e are supposed to do better.Second,if parentsmisunderstand us,we should putup with them.In any case,they love us.Third,we should be eager to letparents find faultwith us.Regard itas encouragementand you’llbe happy and confident.

从认知角度看,人类大脑记忆储存方式是以块状的形式进行的,因此词块教学法有其心理现实性和可行性;从学生学习英语的现状来看,相当多的学生,特别是基础薄弱的学生,普遍存在表达不符合英语语言习惯、语法错误居多、用词不切合语境等诸多问题。就当前研究现状来看,词块教学法是一条可值得探索的新路子。

参考文献:

[1]张荣,程彩玲.语感阅读法与高三学生英语写作能力培养的实证研究[J].基础教育外语教学研究,2012(10).

[2]文利民,刘杰荣.高中英语词块教学现状的调查与分析[J].基础教育外语教学研究,2012(08).

注:本文是湖南省2013年度“十二五”规划重点资助课题《中学英语写作教学中词块理论应用的研究》(课题批准号:XJK013AZXX001)的成果之一。

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