刘立晶　尹素珍

[摘 要]黄淮海流域是我国夏大豆主产区之一，本文调查了该区夏大豆生产关键环节的农艺及机械化现状。结果表明，一方面播种、植保、灌溉、收获等环节，虽有机械可用，但多以小机型或人工辅助作业为主，且机具可靠性较差，作业质量无法保证；另一方面夏大豆种植模式多样，农机与农艺融合度低，导致机具适应性不好，制约了机具的推广应用。在调查基础上，分析了该区夏大豆主要生产环节机械化存在的问题和发展趋势，并提出了相应的建议。

[关键词]黄淮海流域；夏大豆；机械化；现状；发展趋势

[Abstract] Huang-Huaihai region is one of summer soybean production regions. The agricultural technology and current situation of production mechanization of summer soybean were investigated. The results showed that the key production works of seeding， plant protecting， irrigating and harvesting were completed by machines. But these machines are small type or artificial supplementary. Machines reliability is worse and work quality is not ensured. Multiple planting pattern of summer soybean and lower integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy results in adaption of machines is worse and restricts popularization and application. On the base of the investigation， questions and development tendency of summer soybean production mechanization were analyzed and the corresponding suggests were presented.

[Key words] Huang-Huaihai region； summer soybean；mechanization；current situation；development tendency

黄淮海流域为我国夏大豆主产区之一，播种面积占全国大豆播种面积30%，产量占全国大豆产量的30%以上。该区包括石家庄、天津一线以南，山东省、河南省大部、江苏省洪泽湖和安徽省淮河以北、山西省西南部、陕西省关中地区、甘肃省天水，无霜期180～220d、≥10℃活动积温4000℃～4800℃、年降水量500～1000mm、播种期6月中下旬、收获期9月中下旬～10月初、品种生育期90～110d。近期笔者对该区夏大豆田间生产进行了调研，并分析了黄淮海夏大豆机械化的现状及发展趋势。

黄淮海地区的夏大豆属于冬小麦-夏大豆的两熟制种植模式，复种指数高，迫切需要机械作业抢农时，提高作业质量。该区小麦生产基本实现全程机械化，在此基础上发展重点转向了夏大豆生产机械化。目前存在夏大豆种植方式不规范，应用机械种类较多，小麦收获后秸秆处理质量差，传统播种机堵塞严重，种床质量差，大豆机械化受到严重制约。……