甄别使用定语从句中的关系词
2011-05-14刘敏朱勇
刘敏 朱勇
摘要:对于英语初学者来说,在学习到关系分句时往往会碰到一些很模糊的概念,尤其是如何恰当地使用关系词连接句子。本文即从如何甄别使用关系词入手,帮助初学者从句法功能入手明确定语从句中关系词的选用。
关键词:定语从句;关系词;选用
在定语从句中,关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose和as,关系副词有when, where和why。如何才能恰当地使用好这些关系词?以下便从它们在使用过程中的一些难点入手,以便能更好地解释它们在不同情况下的用法:
一、当关系代词在SVC结构中作主语补足语或在there be(存在句)结构中作“实义主语”时,通常用that指人或指物,而且通常可以省略。如:
Dr Fordham still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.
The 9:15 is the fastest train (that) there has ever been.
二、在限制性定语从句中,为了明确所指的对象,有时必须用who(m)指人,用which指物,但如果先行词是个既指人又指物的并列名词词组,则最好选用that来引导关系分句。如:
There were some students at the party who(m) I must shun.
He talked brilliantly of the man and the books that interested him.
三、先行词为all, anything, nothing或被all, any, only等词修饰时,关系代词多用that, 特别是关系代词在定语从句中作主语时。关系代词在从句中作宾语时用that或省略,而用that作关系代词多表示对先行词的强调。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
Is this the only place that can be used to hold the meeting?
四、当先行词指人并带有only, all, any等限定词或最高级形容词所修饰的先行词是人时,那么关系代词既可用that也可用who。如:
Bach was the greatest composer thats ( or whos ) ever lived.
I was the only person in my office who ( or that ) was invited.
但如果先行词本身是指人的all或any, 关系代词就只能用who而不用that。如:
All who wish to go picnicking please wait at the school gate at 8:00 tomorrow morning.
如果被the only或all, any以及最高级形容词所修饰的先行词是物时,定语从句的关系代词一般多用that。如:
The only thing that can be done has been done.
All that remains for me is to say goodbye.
在上述几个例子中的that皆不宜换用which。
五、在非限制性定语从句中,which的先行词可以是上文的整个分句,同时,which还能指前面句子的一部分。……
