食品中致病菌快速检测技术的研究进展
2025-08-09倪阳张上上
Research Progress on Rapid Detection Technologies for Pathogenic Bacteria in Food
NI Yang, ZHANG Shangshang (Qinhuangdao Food and Drug Inspection Center, Qinhuangdao O66ooo, China)
Abstract: Food safety isues are increasingly drawing global atention. As one of the primary factors causing foodborne diseases,the rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria is crucial for public health. In recent years,traditional culture methods have been gradually replaced by eficient and sensitive rapid testing technologies due to their longer processing times.This article systematically reviews the current mainstream technologies for rapid detectionof pathogenic bacteriainfood,including molecular biology methods,immunological methods,sensor technology,as well ascutting-edge detection methods based on nanomaterials and microfluidic chips. By analyzing the principles,advantages,and limitations of each technology,and discussing their applicability and development trends in practical applications,it aims to provide theoretical support and reference basis forthe construction of an efficient, convenient, and on-site food safety detection system.
Keywords: food safety; pathogenic bacteria; rapid detection; molecular biology
随着食品工业的快速发展和全球食品贸易的加速,食品安全问题愈发引起公众和政府的广泛关注。食源性致病菌,如沙门氏菌(Salmonella)、大肠杆菌 O157:H7 、单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeriamonocytogenes)以及金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)等,是引发食源性疾病的主要病原体。据世界卫生组织统计,每年全球有数亿人因食用被致病菌污染的食品而感染相关疾病,尤其对婴幼儿、老年人及免疫力低下人群构成严重威胁。因此,建立高效、灵敏、便捷的致病菌检测技术,对提升食品安全监管能力具有重要意义。传统的微生物培养法虽具有良好的准确性和标准化程度,但其操作烦琐、耗时较长,难以满足现代食品生产对快速响应与大批量检测的需求。近年来,随着分子生物学、免疫学、纳米技术及微流控等领域的发展,多种新型致病菌快速检测技术应运而生。本文旨在系统梳理和评估当前主流快速检测方法的技术原理、应用现状与发展趋势,探讨其在食品安全领域的适应性及未来研究方向,为相关研究与实践提供参考依据。
1分子生物学检测技术
1.1聚合酶链式反应及其衍生技术
聚合酶链式反应(PolymeraseChainReaction,PCR)是最早用于食品致病菌检测的分子生物学技术之一,其核心在于通过特异性引物扩增目标基因序列,从而实现病原体的高灵敏检测。其衍生技术如实时荧光定量PCR可实时监控扩增过程,不仅提升了准确性,也可实现半定量或绝对定量分析,已广泛应用于商业检测产品中[]。多重PCR通过多组引物同时扩增多个致病菌目标片段,提高了检测通量和检测效率,但在引物设计、扩增效率平衡等方面仍存在一定的技术挑战。……
