吴雪梅 沙武田

内容摘要：据考古报告莫高窟北区B121窟为元代的一处瘗窟，死者为一青年女性。结合窟内随葬遗物判定该洞窟的使用年代约在14世纪中后期。死者为豳王家族一位信仰佛教的青年女性，所着服饰为“满池娇”红色莲鱼龙纹绫袍。窟内出土多件佛教文献，由此看出元代豳王家族佛教信仰背景。该窟同时也为莫高窟“元代公主”的传说提供了新的線索，推测B121窟为元代公主的瘗埋之所。

关键词：莫高窟B121窟；元代；瘗窟；速来蛮家族；“元代公主”传说

中图分类号：K879.21  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2023）03-0076-12

A Study on the Identity of the Deceased Woman in Yuan

Dynasty Cave B121 at the Mogao Grottoes

WU Xuemei SHA Wutian

（School of History and Culture， Shaanxi Normal University， Xian 710119， Shaanxi）

Abstract：According to archaeological reports， cave B121 at the Mogao Grottoes was a cave used for burying the dead in the Yuan dynasty， and a young woman was once buried there. However， the various burial items found inside cave indicate that the cave was in use as early as the mid-late 14th century. Study of historical documents， including manuscripts from Cave B121， can confirm that the deceased young lady can be identified as being a member of the family of Lord Bin （豳王 Bin Wang）. The clothing she wore was a kind of red satin robe known as a manchi-jiao满池娇 and was intricately embroidered with motifs of lotuses， fish and dragons. Several Buddhist documents unearthed from the cave indicate that the family of Lord Bin believed in Buddhism. The cave also provides new clues regarding the legend of the “Princess of the Yuan Dynasty” at the Mogao Grottoes. It can be inferred that Cave B121 was the place where the princess of the Yuan dynasty mentioned in the story was buried.

Keywords：Mogao cave B121; Yuan dynasty; burial cave; legend of the“Princess of the Yuan Dynasty”

B121窟位于敦煌莫高窟北区崖面第三层（图1），有前室、甬道和后室，前室部分坍塌，后室大部分塌毁，现已看不出原来形制。《敦煌莫高窟北区石窟》考古报告推断，“石窟内有人骨，且遗物较多，故其性质应该为瘗窟”［1］。通过人骨鉴定和遗物判别，该窟为一座元代瘗窟，死者是一位青年女性。根据出土遗物数量较多分析，瘗埋的青年女性身份较高。北区考古之后，除了对个别民族语言文字残件有零星的研究外{1}，就洞窟本身一直未引起学界的关注。

赵丰等对该窟出土丝绸的最新研究，给我们极大的启发［2］。加上近年来“敦煌西夏石窟研究”课题组在对莫高窟北区第464、462窟进行专题研究的同时，发现B121窟极有可能是驻守沙州的蒙古豳王家族的一位青年女性瘗窟。这对进一步研究豳王家族佛教信仰、豳王家族在莫高窟的活动、元代北区石窟属性、豳王家族丧葬习俗、元代河西墓葬考古等有所助益，草成此文，敬希方家教正。……