高圣惕 梅晶晶

一、前言

依据《联合国海洋法公约》(简称《公约》)第76(8)条，大陆架界限委员会(简称“委员会”)提供的“建议”是沿海国划定超过200海里的大陆架(简称“外大陆架”)外部界限的基础，(1)《公约》第76(8)条，https：//www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf。赋予沿海国的外大陆架外部界限以合法性。(2)Ted L. McDorman，“The Role of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf：A Technical Body in a Political World”，International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law，Vol. 17，Issue 3，2002，pp.308，391 and 324；Ron Macnab，“The Case for Transparency in the Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf in Accordance with UNCLOS Article 76”，Ocean Development and International Law，Vol. 35，Issue 1，2004，pp.1，11；Alex G. Oude Elferink，“The Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles：The Relationship between the CLCS and Third Party Dispute Settlement”，in Alex G. Oude Elferink and Donald R. Rothwell (eds.)，Ocean Management in the 21st Century：Institutional Frameworks and Responses，Leiden：Martinus Nijhoff Publishers，2004，pp.110-112；Ted L. McDorman，“The Entry into Force of the 1982 LOS Convention and Article 76 Outer Continental Shelf Regime”，International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law，Vol. 10，Issue 2，1995，p.178；Aldo Chircop，“Managing Adjacency：Some Legal Aspects of the Relationship Between the Extended Continental Shelf and the International Seabed Area”，Ocean Development and International Law，Vol. 42，Issue 4，2011，p.308；Øystein Jensen，“The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf：An Administrative，Scientific，or Judicial Institution?”，Ocean Development and International Law，Vol. 45，Issue 2，2014，p.177.根据《公约》第76(1)条，沿海国陆地领土的自然延伸到大陆边外缘的距离若是不到200海里，则享有200海里宽的大陆架。(3)《公约》第76(1)条。若是距离超过200海里，则沿海国应依据第76(4)-(6)条的标准划出外大陆架外部界限。(4)《公约》第76(1)-(2)条。因为沿海国享有探勘大陆架及开发其自然资源的主权权利，(5)《公约》第77条。Ron Macnab，“The Case for Transparency in the Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf in Accordance with UNCLOS Article 76”， Ocean Development and International Law，Vol. 35，Issue 1，2004，p.12.《公约》第82(1)条。大陆架的自然资源包含海床与底土内蕴藏的矿产(比如石油、天然气、甲烷水合物等)以及生长的定居种生物(比如说龙虾)。外大陆架不能没有宽度上限，否则将损及“国际海底区域”(简称“区域”，the Area)内的“人类共同继承财产”，(6)《公约》第1(1)(1)、134、136和137条。遂有必要划定外大陆架的外部界限。(7)《公约》第76(7)条。为此，沿海国应先将相关的科学佐证材料打包成“划界案”提呈委员会，(8)《公约》第76(8)条。委员会应审议“划界案”提出的外部界限是否符合第76(4)-(6)条的要求，再向沿海国提出科学及技术上的“建议”，包含大陆架外部界限的具体走向。沿海国以这些“建议”为基础划定的大陆架外部界限，(9)Alex G. Oude Elferink，“The Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles：The Relationship between the CLCS and Third Party Dispute Settlement”，in Alex G. Oude Elferink and Donald R. Rothwell (eds.)，Ocean Management in the 21st Century：Institutional Frameworks and Responses，Leiden：Martinus Nijhoff Publishers，2004，pp.119-122；Ted L. McDorman，“The Role of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf：A Technical Body in a Political World”，International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law，Vol. 17，Issue 3，2002，pp.313-317.Ron Macnab，“The Case for Transparency in the Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf in Accordance with UNCLOS Article 76”，Ocean Development and International Law，Vol. 35，Issue 1，2004，p.11；Edwin Egede，“Submission of Brazil and Article 76 of the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) 1982”，International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law，Vol. 21，Issue 1，2006，p.53.应具有“确定性”与“拘束力”。(10)《公约》第76(8)条。

沿海国向委员会提交外大陆架划界案并非易事，(11)CLCS《议事规则》(Rules of Procedure of the CLCS)第45条，https：//documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/309/23/PDF/N0830923.pdf?OpenElement(英文版)；https：//documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/309/22/PDF/N0830922.pdf?OpenElement(中文版)。为求划界案顺利审理，必须了解委员会《议事规则》附件一第5(a)条的规定，知晓何种情况将导致委员会拒绝审理划界案。……