赵海宇 窦晨晨 谌丽

[摘 要]  教育均衡從强调教育“基本均衡”到追求“优质均衡”，其重要性日益突出，不仅影响到教育本身的公平性，也会影响到未成年人的通学行为选择，最终影响城市空间结构的合理性。利用核密度、最近邻指数分析北京城区中小学、重点中小学及课外辅导机构的空间集聚特征，在此基础上对未成年人的家长进行问卷调查，分析未成年人在参加课内、课外教育时的通学行为与影响因素。结果显示：1）北京城区内重点中小学和课外辅导机构均呈集聚分布，并且课外辅导机构的布局倾向于围绕重点中小学分布。2）各城区教育资源的不均衡，导致朝阳区、丰台区、石景山区的未成年人跨区通学，通学距离长，小汽车或包含小汽车的混合出行方式成为未成年人通学方式的主流。3）随着未成年人年龄增加，入学政策的影响，以及对“名师”的追逐效应，课内课外通学距离显著增加。4）高收入家庭更愿意选择小汽车通学方式，且相比于课内通学方式，在课外通学方式中有更多人选择小汽车和包含小汽车的混合出行方式。

[关键词] 教育均衡;通学行为;通学方式;未成年人

[中图分类号] G 522.3  [文献标志码] A  [文章编号] 1005-0310（2021）04-0056-11

A Study on the School Travel Behaviors Differentiation from the Perspective

of Education Balance in Urban Beijing Area

ZHAO  Haiyu， DOU  Chenchen， CHEN  Li

（College of Applied Arts and Science，Beijing Union University， Beijing 100191，China）

Abstract： From emphasizing the “basic balance” of education to pursuing “quality balance”， the importance of education balance is becoming more and more prominent. The balanced development of education affects not only the fairness of education itself，but also juvennilesschool travel behavior and the choice of school travel mode， and ultimately affects the rationality of urban spatial structure. This paper uses kernel density and nearest neighbor index to analyze the spatial agglomeration characteristics of primary and secondary schools， key primary and secondary schools and after-school tutoring institutions in Beijing. And on this basis， a questionnaire survey is conducted on the parents of juveniles to analyze their school travel behavior and influencing factors when they participate in in-class and after-school education. The results show that： 1） Key primary and secondary schools and after-school tutoring institutions in Beijing are clustered， the layout of those institutions tend to be distributed around the key primary and secondary schools. 2） The imbalance of education resources in each urban area leads to juveniles cross-district school travel and long school travel distance in Chaoyang District， Fengtai District and Shijingshan District. Cars or mixed travel mode including cars have become the juveniles mainstream school travel mode. 3） With the increase of juveniles age， the impact of enrolment policy， and the chasing effect on “famous teachers”， the in-school and after-school travel distance of increases significantly. 4） High-income families are more likely to choose the school travel mode of by car. In addition， compared with the in-school travel mode， more people choose to travel by car or by mixed travel mode including by car for the after-school travel mode. Therefore， stronger policy guidance is needed to balance educational resources， starting from the two aspects of basic education and “shadow education”.

Keywords： Education balance;School travel behavior;School travel mode;Juveniles

0 引言

均衡教育发展是我国义务教育法的方向性要求，是实现教育公平的内核，在城市社会经济发展不同阶段的内涵不同。在教育资源匮乏的时候，人们只是单纯地追求获得教育，教育资源丰富后，就开始追求优质教育。国外关于基础教育均衡的研究集中在对基础教育均衡的理解和教育均衡水平的衡量等方面[1-2]，并提出了具有代表性的OECD教育指标体系[3]。……