赵姝岚

摘要：替代种植实施20多年来，在减少毒品种植面积方面取得了显著成绩，但国内外对替代种植的成效评价存在较大差异。本文擬运用波特“钻石模型”，从替代种植项目的实施和老挝北部农业发展环境健全的角度，考察中国在老挝北部开展替代种植项目的成效和存在的问题。通过分析可以发现，作为援助项目的中国替代种植项目为老挝北部减少罂粟种植并在一定程度上促进老挝北部地区农业发展发挥了积极作用。同时，援助项目不是“万灵丹”，仅仅是推动中外农业合作的路径和抓手之一。如何总结援助项目的经验和良好发展模式，让“走出去”企业依托市场、与当地合作伙伴实现自主发展，或许才能实现中外农业合作的可持续发展。

关键词：老挝北部农业;援助项目;波特“钻石模型”;替代种植项目;老挝农业发展环境

[中图分类号]  F326.12           [文献标识码]  A                [文章编号] 1003-2479（2021）02-057-10

An Analysis of Effectiveness and Problems of China's Alternative Planting in Northern Laos Based on Michael Porter Diamond Model

ZHAO Shulan

Abstract： Since the implementation of "alternative planting" more than 20 years ago， remarkable achievements have been made in reducing the planting area of drugs. However， there are great differences in the evaluation of alternative planting in China and abroad. From the perspective of the environment for agricultural development in northern Laos， this paper intends to investigate the effectiveness and problems of China's alternative planting projects in northern Laos by using Michael Porter's Diamond Theory.It can be found that China's alternative planting， as an aid project， has played a positive role in reducing poppy cultivation and promoting agricultural development in Northern Laos to a certain extent. At the same time， aid projects are not a panacea， but just one of the approaches and starting points to promote agricultural cooperation between China and foreign countries. And it might be the way to realize the sustainable development of Sino-foreign agricultural cooperation by summing up the experience of aid projects and good development models to let "going-global" enterprises achieve independent development relying on the market with local partners.

Key Words： Agricultural Assistance Project; Northern Laos; Porter Diamond Model; Alternative Planting Project; Environment for Agricultural Development in Laos

前    言

替代发展（alternative development）一词最早出现在20世纪70年代。20世纪90年代，替代发展成为反对主流经济发展模式（以国内生产总值作为衡量增长的主要标准）的一种替代方案。替代发展主张形成一种公平的、参与型和环境友好型的发展模式①。1991年，联合国禁毒署（ the United Nations Drug Control Programme）成立时，将替代发展这个理念纳入以削减毒品种植为导向的、始于20世纪70年代的替代种植项目和始于1980年的乡村发展项目中。在全球禁毒行动中，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（1997年被纳入联合国禁毒署）宣布了一项战略目标，即在禁毒执法、减少毒品需求与替代发展之间实现平衡。……