国家语言能力指数体系完善与研究实践
2021-09-14张天伟



提 要 国家语言能力是一个国家综合国力的重要体现。我们依据客观数据,运用多指标综合评价分析方法,将国家语言能力指数体系中的管理能力、掌控能力、创造能力、开发能力、拓展能力5个一级指标进一步完善为12个二级指标和26个三级指标,将世界各国国家语言能力的差异以量化形式直观呈现;据此体系进行数据分析,发现国家语言能力与国家经济实力紧密相连,世界各国的国家语言能力形成了呈金字塔形分布的3个层级,美国、中国和英国占据塔尖;5个一级指标中掌控能力、创造能力和拓展能力对整体国家语言能力影响更大;而中国在语言研究、语言教育、语言产业和学术话语方面还需继续努力,以提升国家语言能力。
关键词 国家语言能力;语言政策;指数体系;主成分分析法
中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014(2021)05-0012-13
DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210501
National Language Capacity Evaluation Indexes and Their Applications
Zhang Tianwei
Abstract National language capacity is an integral component and important manifestation of a countrys comprehensive national power. To evaluate the national language capacity of a country, this study proposes a three-level evaluation index system, developed with reference to objective data and a multi-index comprehensive evaluation approach. The evaluation system consists of 5 first-level abilities, 12 second-level abilities, and 26 third-level specifications, whereby the first-level indexes, including management ability, control ability, creation ability, development ability, and expansion ability, perform paramount roles. Using these indicators, the language capacities in various countries can be quantified and compared. With further data analysis and verification concerning the system, this study reveals that the language capacity of a country is closely related to its economic strength. The values of national language capacity in the individual countries over the world form a pyramid structure, with the United States, China, and the United Kingdom occupying the top. Among the five first-level indexes, the control ability, creation ability and expansion ability have greater impacts on the overall national language capacity of a country. When it comes to the national language capacity of China, this paper proposes that efforts need to be made in aspects such as language research, language education, language industry, and academic discourse in order to enhance its overall national language capacity.
Keywords national language capacity; language policy; index system; Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method
一、引 言
國家语言能力是一个国家软实力和综合国力的重要体现之一,它与国家语言实力、国民语言能力以及公民个人语言能力既有所区别又相互联系。美国学者Brecht & Walton(1993)最早提出国家语言能力这一概念,将其定义为“国家应对特定语言需求的能力”;此后,Brecht & Rivers(2000,2005,2012)陆续阐释和完善了这一观点。国内李宇明(2011)、文秋芳等(2011)、赵世举(2015)、魏晖(2015)等也从不同角度对国家语言能力的定义和理论框架进行了讨论。国内外一些学者围绕这一主题,从理论建构、宏观思考、分项能力、具体项目和国别区域等不同维度进行了研究,详见文秋芳、张天伟(2018),文秋芳(2019)的述评。……
