〔以〕安娜·古列维奇 尹莉

提 要 以色列国建立后，语言背景各异的移民大量涌入，以色列政府对他们的希伯来语教育不仅使他们快速融入新国家，为国家发展做出贡献，而且复活了消逝近两千年的希伯来语口语，成就举世瞩目。这一过程中，政府的国家整体规划和微观指导起到了至关重要的作用。以色列的希伯来语教育政策大致经历了从“希伯来语单语教育”阶段到“以希伯来语为核心的多语言教育”阶段的演变，教育实践则以注重实用、灵活和科学为特点。以色列对外来移民的希伯来语教育启发其他国家：对于第二语言教育，国家层面要做好教育规划，教学实践则应重视日常应用和游戏对第二语言早期发展的促进作用，制定基于科学的第二语言读写教育方案，注重儿童元语言意识的培养。

关键词 以色列;希伯来语;第二语言教育;政策与实践;语言规划

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）05-0060-09

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210505

Hebrew Education for Immigrants in Israel： Practice and Implications

Anna Gurevich and Yin Li

Abstract The past decades have witnessed a large-scale transnational movement of people around the world and an increasing attention on language education for immigrants. This study reviews Hebrew education for immigrants in Israel. After the founding of Israel， large numbers of immigrants with different language backgrounds poured in. The Hebrew education for immigrants implemented by the Israeli government not only helped the immigrants quickly integrate into the new country and contribute to the national development， but also revived the Hebrew spoken language that has disappeared for nearly two thousand years. This review shows that in the process of making these world-renowned achievements， the governments macro national policies and micro guidelines have played vital roles. In Israel， the Hebrew education policy has roughly evolved from the stage of “Hebrew monolingual education” to the stage of “multilingual education with Hebrew as the core” with an emphasis on practicability， flexibility and scientific teaching methods in practice. The implications of Israels Hebrew education for immigrants for other countries second language education include optimizing education planning at the national level， stressing the role of daily practical use and play in childrens early second language development， formulating research-based second language literacy education program， and cultivating metalinguistic awareness in young bilingual children.

Keywords Israel; Hebrew; second language education; policy and practice; language planning

一、引 言

语言是凝聚一个民族的重要手段。在祖先生存过的土地上讲祖先所讲的语言是在这片土地上建立和发展国家的重要动力。希伯来口语作为古代犹太民族的通用语言曾经消逝了近两千年，又在猶太民族主义和建国热忱中奇迹般复活。自20世纪以来，大批来自不同国家的犹太人陆续迁入以色列，他们有着共同的宗教信仰和复国追求，但语言和文化背景各不相同。对于1948年建立的以色列国，希伯来语教育具有重大意义，它既是重塑民族认同和构建国家共同体的重要手段，又为新移民提供了现实生活中彼此沟通、快速融合的必要工具。……