何为“隐性语言政策”?
2021-09-14方小兵
方小兵
提 要 隐性语言政策是没有显性文本或话语依托,而在语言生活中表征为某种实践机制的语言政策。通过术语辨析,发现:(1)单纯的意识形态不能视作隐性的政策,因为语言政策必须有可依附的实体机制;(2)微观语言政策是就政策的层次和规模而言的,在形式上可以是显性的,因此不一定是隐性语言政策;(3)隐秘语言政策可以拥有显性的法律文本,但政策制定者的意图被有意遮掩起来,也不等于隐性语言政策;(4)显性和隐性并不是一分为二、截然对立的,而是一个连续体。许多语言政策实际上是介于隐性和显性之间的。
关键词 隐性语言政策;隐秘语言政策;微观语言政策;语言意识形态;术语
中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014(2021)05-0091-06
DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210507
What is “Implicit Language Policy”?
Fang Xiaobing
Abstract Implicit language policy is a language policy that has no explicit text or discourse support, but is characterized as a certain practical mechanism in language life. Through analysis of the term, we find that: (1) Language ideology cannot be regarded as an implicit policy, as any language policy must have a substantive mechanism that can be attached to; (2) A micro-language policy is in terms of the level and scale of the policy, which can be explicit in form, thus unnecessarily an implicit language policy; (3) A covert language policy can have explicit legal texts, though the policy intentions are deliberately obscured, so it is not equivalent to implicit language policy; (4) Explicitness and implicitness constitute a continuum, and many language policies are actually between the two ends.
Keywords implicit language policy; covert language policy; micro language policy; language ideology; terminology
术语是学科的基础,对核心术语进行辨析是学科建设中难以回避的课题。近年来,“隐性语言政策”成为语言规划领域一个重要概念,使用较繁,但颇多混淆不清。清晰阐释这一术语,对于区分一系列相关概念,构建逻辑更为严密的理论体系,建设具有中国特色的语言规划学,具有重要意义。
尽管中文术语“隐性语言政策”源自英文,但很难找到一个英语对应词,因为它实际上囊括和糅合了英文里的好几个概念。这些概念都是西方学者基于二分法辨析出来的,主要体现在以下几组术语中。
(1)法定(De jure)语言政策和实际(De facto)语言政策,区分标准是法律依托的有无。前者指具有正式法律依据的语言政策,后者是没有法律依据但以社区默契方式存在的语言实践,即“尚未被意识到已成为政策,但事实上却发挥着实际作用的政策”(Tollefson 2014:80)。……
