周奇

关键词：道教;谶言;隋末唐初;政治;合法性

摘 要：隋末天下大乱，道教在向各种势力兜售谶言，也对李唐势力夺取政权建立王朝出力甚多。李唐兴起利用李氏当王的谶言来应谶，建立政权后冒认老子为先祖，李唐王朝利用谶言本质为神道设教。李唐王朝与道教合谋制造谶言并利用道教谶言增强政权的合法性，同时也借助道教无为之教的思想资源来消除政权的合法性危机。道教在唐初的政治介入并不是屈服于国家的过程，而是上层贵族道教影响唐代国家治理之道的成功实践。

中图分类号：I206.2文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2435（2021）05-0061-08

Taoism and Politics in the Late Sui and Early Tang Dynasties

ZHOU Qi （Academic Monthly Magazine， Shanghai 200020， China）

Key words： Taoism; prophecy; from the late Sui dynasty to the early Tang dynasty; politics; legitimacy

Abstract： At the end of the Sui dynasty， the world was in chaos. Taoism peddled prophesy to all kinds of forces and also contributed a lot to Li Tangs seizing power and establishing a dynasty. Li Tang Dynasty began to use the prophecy of Li as the king to answer the prophecy. After the establishment of the regime， Li Tang Dynasty pretended to recognize Lao Tzu as their forefather， and they used the nature of prophecy to set up religion for Shinto. The Li Tang Dynasty conspired with Taoism to create prophecy and used it to enhance the legitimacy of the regime. Meanwhile， it also made use of the ideological resources of Taoism to eliminate the legitimacy crisis of the regime. The political intervention of Taoism in the early Tang dynasty was not a process of submitting to the state， but the successful practice of the upper aristocratic Taoism influencing the way of state governance in the Tang dynasty.

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一、道教与国家关系的演变

道教在历史上有着复杂的面相，从最初的道家方术到道教，经历了很多演变。东汉时期，太平道就是以辅助汉室的面貌出现，[1]与政权的关系不是东汉后期那样的紧张对抗的。二者关系的演变到后来才完全发生了质变。这时出现了仿效政府与军队的形式来管理信仰者的，太平道的“三十六方”组织与“天公将军”“地公将军”“人公将军”的军队官员似的称号，五斗米道的“二十四治”组织与“师君”“祭酒”“鬼卒”称号等等，这些教团组织方式，既是现实政权的仿效，也是對想象中天上神界的模拟，《太平经钞》里说，天上“一师四辅”，“从属三万六千人，部领三十六万，人民则十百千万亿倍也”。万绳楠曾经推测，太平道就是效法这种天上的形式，这是有道理的。[2]8把宗教组织与世俗政权重叠起来，建立政教合一的社会体制，是以宗教理想以及宗教权威来建立社会秩序的基础。……