中国中老年人口的主观预期寿命及其社会经济差异
2021-09-12王记文
王记文



摘 要:使用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2015年数据考察了我国45—89岁人群其主观预期寿命的年龄、性别模式以及社会经济差异。结果发现:我国中老年人口的主观预期寿命随着现有年龄和目标年龄的增加而下降,女性更倾向于低估自己的预期寿命;受教育程度低、农村户籍的人群其主观预期寿命更低;受教育程度和城乡户籍造成的主观预期寿命差异随着年龄的增加逐渐缩小,即越年轻的队列差异越大。基于以上发现,建议国家应在家庭、社区、社会等多个层面积极促进社会经济处境不利人群的福祉,促使其自身境况和主观预期寿命的提高,从而逐渐达到相互促进的效果。
关键词:主观预期寿命;平均预期寿命;累积劣势
中图分类号:C913.6 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4149(2021)04-0051-16
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2021.00.029
Abstract: In this study, the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) 2015 is used to investigate the age and sex pattern of subjective life expectancy, and its socioeconomic characteristics of Chinese people aged 45-89 years. The results show as follows: 1) The subjective life expectancy of the middleaged and elderly population decreases with the increase of present age and target age, meanwhile, females are more likely to underestimate their life expectancy; 2) People with lower education, and rural household registration have a lower subjective life expectancy; 3) With the increase of age, the difference in subjective life expectancy caused by education level and urban and rural household registration gradually closed,which also means that the younger the cohort, the bigger the difference. Based on the findings above, the paper suggests that the government should actively enhance the wellbeing of the socioeconomic disadvantaged groups at multiple levels, such as family, community society and other levels, to promote the improvement of their own situation and subjective life expectancy, with aim to achieve a virtuous mutual promotion effect.
Keywords:subjective life expectancy;life expectancy;cumulative disadvantages
一、引言
根據生命周期假设(Lifecycle Hypothesis)的解释,人们对自己未来生活的计划和安排,包括对健康、经济等行为的决策会受到“余寿”即预期寿命的影响。作为对未来生命长度的预期,“余寿”有客观的平均预期寿命与主观预期寿命两种测量方式。其中,客观的平均预期寿命是对分年龄死亡率的概括和综合,因而仅能代表总体状况,不能揭示个体差异;而主观预期寿命,也称主观存活概率,包含了与死亡相关,但无法通过客观问题来测量的细微个人信息,如基因、环境和行为风险因素 [1],它是个体对自身衰老过程的独特理解,因而更能接近个人的行为层面。虽然少数研究发现主观预期寿命在生命的早期就已经对个体行为产生了影响,如北爱尔兰青少年的主观预期寿命解释了社会人口因素所不能解释的饮酒行为的一些变异 [2],但更多研究将其作用聚焦于中老年阶段。……
