酶法脱乙酰化制备壳寡糖的研究进展
2021-07-15周勇
周勇


摘 要:壳寡糖是甲壳素脱除乙酰基和降解后的低分子聚合物,因其具有黏度低、水溶性好、保湿性强、吸收能力强及生物相容性好等特性而具有广泛的应用价值。传统生产壳寡糖工艺存在能耗高、污染重且脱乙酰度不均匀等问题,而酶法制备壳寡糖能有效避免上述问题。当前,酶法制备壳寡糖的关键酶在于甲壳素脱乙酰酶。该文介绍了甲壳素脱乙酰酶的来源与酶学性质,结构与催化机理以及其生产菌株的选育,以期为后续产业化应用提供参考。
关键词:甲壳素;壳寡糖;甲壳素脱乙酰酶;脱乙酰
中图分类号 TS201.2文獻标识码 A文章编号 1007-7731(2021)11-0027-06
Research Progress of Enzymatic Deacetylation to Make Chitosan Oligosaccharides
ZHOU Yong
(COFCO Biochemical Co., Ltd., Bengbu 233010, China)
Abstract: Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) is a kind of low molecular polymer after deacetylation and degradation of chitin.It has a wide range of application value because of its low viscosity, good water solubility, strong moisture retention, strong absorption capacity and good biocompatibility. The traditional COS preparation process has some problems, such as high energy consumption, heavy pollution and uneven deacetylation degree, while the enzymatic method can effectively avoid the above problems.At present, chitin deacetylase is the key enzyme for enzymatic preparation of COS.This paper mainly introduces the source, enzymatic properties, structure and catalytic mechanism of chitin deacetylase, as well as the screening of its producing strains, in order to provide reference for the subsequent industrial application.
Key words: Chitin; Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS); Chitin deacetylase; Deacetylation
近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,膳食结构和生活方式发生了一系列改变,导致代谢性疾病的患病率迅猛增长,因此人们更加重视身心健康、自身免疫力提升以及营养健康等高品质生活与环境。从淀粉、肝糖、菊粉、纤维素、几丁质中提取的多种聚合物已经被广泛应用于生物、医学、美容、保健等领域[1,2]。壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharides,COS),又称为低聚葡萄糖胺、低聚氨基葡萄糖、低聚壳聚糖等,因具有黏度低、水溶性好、保湿性强、吸收能力强和生物相容性好等特性而被广泛关注[3]。目前,COS已被广泛应用于保健品、食品添加剂、植物生长调节剂及饲料添加剂等领域。已有研究表明,壳寡糖具有增强免疫力,调节血糖、血压和血脂,排除体内毒素、重金属和多余自由基,抗肿瘤、肥胖、阿尔茨海默病和通风等效果[4-7]。
来自虾蟹等节肢动物、昆虫外壳或真菌细胞壁的甲壳素(又称几丁质),经过脱乙酰处理后得到壳聚糖,经过进一步水解反应破坏壳聚糖分子中的糖苷键可制备获得壳寡糖[8]。……
