张杨

摘 要：日本自明治维新时期颁布《大日本帝国宪法》，开始建立资产阶级多党议会制，发展政党政治，最终却走向了失败。1947年《日本国宪法》颁布实施，为战后日本建立资产阶级多党议会制奠定了基础，并且对于战后日本政党政治发展起到了积极的促进作用。与《大日本帝国宪法》相比较可以发现，《日本国宪法》对日本政党法治建设至关重要，它从人民主权的政治环境、政治体制的结构关系、政治机构的运转机制三个方面，为日本政党建设奠定了基础。同时，《日本国宪法》也为日本政党法治发挥了基石作用。

关键词：日本国宪法;大日本帝国宪法;政党法治;政党法制;政党政治

中图分类号：D073/077    文献标识码：A    DOI：10.13411/j.cnki.sxsx.2021.02.017

The Analysis on the Relationship Between the Party Rule of Law in

Japan and the Constitution of Japan

ZHANG Yang

（Party School of the Dongcheng District of CPC， Beijing 100010， China）

Abstract：Japan had began to establish the bourgeois multi-Party parliamentary system and developed Party politics since the promulgation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan during the Meiji Reform period. But these efforts were in vain. The Constitution of Japan which was implemented in 1947 has built the foundation for the multi-Party parliamentary system of the bourgeoisie of Japan and also has made positive role for the development of the Party politics of Japan after the World War II. Through the comparative study of the Constitution of the Empire Japan， it is not difficult to find that the Constitution of Japan is very important for the construction of the Party rule of law in Japan， which has laid a foundation for the Party construction of Japan and played a cornerstone function in the Party rule of law of Japan from three aspects： the political environment of peoples sovereignty， the structural relationship of political system， and the operation mechanism of political institutions.

Key words：the Constitution of Japan; the Constitution of the Empire of Japan; Party rule of law; Party legal system; Party politics

1947年实行的《日本国宪法》为战后日本建立资产阶级多党议会制奠定了基础，并且对于战后日本政党政治发展起到了积极的促进作用，这一点已在学界形成共识。宪法既是一个国家的根本大法，也是政党法治的总遵循。国内学界普遍认为，法律制度是政党法治的基础，因此政党法制即政党的法律规制是政党法治化的首要环节[1]，而西方的政党法治本质上是“以宪法、法律、宪法惯例和宪法判例规制政党的存在和其内部、外部行为，将政党行为的合宪性和合法性纳入违宪审查体系的一种法治模式”，[2]所以，宪法在所有的政党法制建设中处于中心环节。然而，与战后的情况相反，战前的日本自明治维新时期颁布《大日本帝国宪法》即明治宪法以来就开始建立资产阶级多党议会制，发展政党政治，但最终却走向了失败。……