马欣悦 杨宁

摘 要：“自然缺陷症儿童” “电子儿童” “塑料儿童” 是当代儿童的真实写照，社会对儿童过度保护以及儿童对冒险性游戏需求处于一种相对矛盾状态，从而导致幼儿园在对待户外冒险性游戏态度上陷入“儿童想但教师又不敢放手”的境地。针对上述问题，从“过去、当下、未来”三维时空解析冒险性游戏价值;基于进化论、可供性理论和弹性发展区理论探讨成人和儿童对待冒险性游戏不同态度背后的深层原因，针对性地提出重构冒险性游戏认知，提供可供性的冒险性游戏环境，引导儿童评估风险和享受冒险性游戏，构建“五位一体”冒险性游戏生态链等建议，为有效开展冒险性游戏提供理论支撑及操作性指南。

关 键 词：幼儿体育;冒险性游戏;户外游戏;风险评估

中图分类号：G807.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2021）02-0125-06

Abstract： "Children with natural deficiency"， "electronic children" and "plastic children" are the true portrayal of the contemporary children. The over protection of children from society and children's demand for adventure games are in a relatively contradictory state， which leads to the dilemma of "children need but teachers dare not let go" in the attitude towards adventure games in the outdoor. In view of the above problems， this paper analyzes the value of adventure games from the three-dimensional space-time of "past， present and future"; based on the theory of evolution， affordability and elastic development zone， this paper explores the deep-layer reasons behind the different attitudes of adults and children towards adventure games， and pertinently proposes some suggestions to reconstruct the cognition of adventure games， to provide an available adventure games environment， to guide children to evaluate risk and enjoy adventure games， and to construct the "five in one" ecological chain of adventure games， so as to provide theoretical support and operational guidance for effectively carrying out adventure games.

Key words： children sports;adventure games;outdoor games;risk assessment

游戲是儿童的天性，是儿童的功课，亦是儿童学习的基本方式。《幼儿园教育指导纲要》（试行）指出：“应尊重幼儿身心发展规律和学习特点，以游戏为基本活动。”游戏的本质具有不确定性、新奇性与灵活性，特别是冒险性游戏含有潜在的风险与不安全因素。然而，全社会过于强调安全的基调，容易让人误以为儿童必须处于绝对安全的物质环境与自然环境中，成人敏感且害怕儿童受到轻微伤害（如轻度皮外伤、摔跤等）。在这种经过成人筛选、净化的游戏空间里，冒险性游戏几乎消失，运动游戏也缺乏挑战性、刺激性和发展性。成人的过度保护导致成人和儿童过度焦虑，儿童可能会失去对自然世界的迷恋和随之而来的冒险经历，以至于不具备独立探索精神、没有适应自然、社会的能力[1]。……