胡 霞 周旭海

Seed is like the chip of agriculture and seed industry is the strategic and central fundamental industry of China.For the sake of food security and high-quality development of agriculture, it is necessary to accelerate the technological innovation process of modern seed industry in China. In terms of innovation performance in line with the seed demands of modern agriculture, there is still a big gap between China and international seed powers. The underlying cause is that the system of government-industry-university-research-user collaborative innovation in China’s seed industry is incomplete,which is manifested at three aspects: the unclear role of innovative subjects in R&D and production,the imperfect evaluation and protection mechanism of innovation achievements and the ineffective protection and utilization of germplasm resources. Japan, the first country in Asia to modernize its agriculture, has established a relatively mature collaborative innovation system of seed industry, which can serve as a reference for China with similar agricultural endowments. The collaborative innovation path of China’s modern seed industry can be summarized from three dimensions. Firstly, division of labour and benefit sharing is the basis for collaborative innovation. Secondly, strict examination and clear property right is the guarantee of collaborative innovation. Thirdly, inheriting tradition and facing market is the direction of collaborative innovation.

一、问题的提出

面向2035 年国家基本实现社会主义现代化的远景目标，党的十九届五中全会提出了“十四五”期间国家农业基础更加稳固的发展新目标。“十四五”时期是中国巩固和拓展脱贫攻坚成果、全面推进乡村振兴和加快农业农村现代化的关键时期，在面对新冠肺炎疫情、极端气候和农产品生产成本上涨等各类风险挑战的复杂形势下，只有牢牢把握粮食安全的主动权，才能构筑更加稳固的国民经济基础。2020 年12 月，中央经济工作会议从维护国家粮食安全的维度，布局了解决好种子和耕地问题的两大重点任务，要求落实藏粮于地、藏粮于技战略。党的十八大以来，在中央经济工作会议的层面强调种子问题，这当属首次。

将种子与耕地一同并列为确保国家粮食安全的两大要害，是基于种子身为农业芯片的重要定位。①《2021年“三农”关键词：粮食种子耕地》，央视网，http://m.news.cctv.com/2021/01/05/ARTIQuvPwvVAhwTGvaiiOQHx210105.shtml，2021年1月5日。中国是人口大国和农业大国，因此也是种子需求大国，但与种业强国相比，当前中国针对现代农业用种需求的育种创新水平依然不高，部分农产品种子大量依赖于国外高价进口，如同工业芯片一样存在着被“卡脖子”的风险。具体而言，国产玉米和大豆种子的品质还有待提升，二者的单产水平只有美国的不到60%，蔬菜国外品种种植面积占比达到13%，其中耐储的番茄、甜椒等少数专用品种进口占比更是超过50%。②《国新办举行全面推进乡村振兴加快农业农村现代化发布会》，农业农村部网，http://www.moa.gov.cn/hd/zbft_news/xczxnyncxdh/，2021年2月22日。……