王云 任秋鸿 马毅 李秋玲 彭华

摘要 英国是世界第十一大、在欧盟是仅次于德国和法国的第三大乳制品生产国。英国奶牛养殖以家庭牧场为主，2001—2018年，随着奶牛单产的不断提高，虽然存栏不断下降，但英国牛奶产量总体呈上升趋势。奶牛场所产生鲜乳绝大部分牛奶（99.0%）卖给加工商，其中私营乳企占64.9%，合作社占35.1%，被加工成液体奶、奶酪、奶粉、黄油、炼乳、奶油等。英国人均乳制品消费折合生鲜乳为210 kg/（人·a），其中除液体乳外，奶酪的消费量最大。英国乳制品贸易总体及对欧盟国家呈逆差，逆差额总体呈减小趋势，对非欧盟国家呈顺差，顺差额逐年增大。中国从英国进口的乳制品量不是太大，占总进口的比例最高的年份也不到1%，进口的乳制品中，以鲜奶、奶酪、婴幼儿配方乳粉为主。未来中国与英国之间应加强奶农办加工的合作交流，加强双方企业间的合作，开展中英两国奶业政策交流与对话。

关键词 奶业发展现状;合作與交流;中国;英国

中图分类号 S-9文献标识码 A文章编号 0517-6611（2021）07-0240-05

Abstract United Kindom （UK） is the 11th largest dairy producer in the world and the third largest dairy producer in the European Union after Germany and France. Dairy farming in the UK is mainly based on family ranch. From 2001 to 2018， with the continuous increase of the per unit yield of dairy cattle， the overall milk production in the UK showed an upward trend although the stock continued to decline. Most of the fresh milk （99.0%） produced in dairy farms is sold to processors （private dairy enterprises 64.9% and cooperatives 35.1%）， and were processed into liquid milk， cheese， milk powder， butter， condensed milk， cream， etc. The per capita consumption of dairy products in the UK is 210 kg/（person·a） of fresh milk， and the consumption of cheese is the largest except for liquid milk. Dairy trade in UK is in deficit with EU countries as a whole， while the reverse balance is in decreasing trend. It is in surplus with non EU countries， and the surplus increases year by year. Chinese imported little dairy products from the UK， which is less than 1% of the total imports in the year of the highest proportion. Among the imported dairy products， fresh milk， cheese and infant formula milk powder are the main ones. In the future， China and UK should strengthen cooperation and exchanges on dairy farming processing， strengthen cooperation between enterprises of both sides， and carry out policy exchanges and dialogues on dairy industry between China and UK.

Key words Dairy development status;Cooperation and exchange;China;UK

作者简介 王云（1982—），女，天津人，工程师，从事畜牧业信息技术研究。*通信作者，副研究员，博士，从事畜牧业经济研究。

2000年以来，随着中国奶业生产的快速发展以及城乡居民可支配收入的逐渐提高，我国乳制品消费不断增长。2000—2019年，中国乳制品的供应量由1 064万t增长至5 014万t，国内生产量仅增长了254万t，出口量减少了9万t，进口量增长了1 434万t。可见，我国乳制品消费的增长主要依赖于进口。中国海关总署数据显示，中国乳制品进口量总体呈现持续增加趋势，由17.8万t增至291.9万t，共增加15.4倍，年均增长率为22%。……