农羽青

摘要：東南亚低技术移民劳工的人权状况长期没有明显改善。贫困、工作环境差、住宿拥挤、医疗保障不足及不受重视等因素使他们成为弱势群体，容易成为传染病的目标。议题的复杂性、治理体系碎片化和治理能力不足是东南亚移民劳工人权治理困境产生的原因。在议题上，东南亚地区的移民劳工人权问题由来已久，难以改善。非法移民、人口贩卖及跨国传染病等也对移民劳工人权治理形成阻碍;在治理体系上，国际劳工人权规范对东南亚国家而言标准较高，东盟也没有进行规范转换，导致国际规范在东南亚不适应，全球治理体系松散;在治理能力上，东南亚国家的经济和资源有限，因非法移民数量较多，输入国负担较重而无暇改善移民劳工的人权状况。COVID-19疫情中，东南亚移民劳工的人权状况恶化，失业和感染问题严重，跨国问题国内化、人员流动风险和议题竞争增加了东南亚国家的治理难度。为缓解人权治理困境，输入国应减少非法移民的涌入，并关注移民劳工的生存状况;国际组织应加强对东南亚地区的了解，提出建设性意见;东盟应进行规范改造，为成员国提供实质性帮助;东南亚国家应提升治理能力和积累多议题治理的经验。

关键词：移民劳工人权治理;人权问题;东南亚劳工;COVID-19

[中图分类号] D815.7           [文献标识码]  A                [文章编号] 1003-2479（2021）04-096-15

Formation Mechanism of Human Rights Governance Dilemma of Low-skilled Migrant Workers in Southeast Asia： Taking Human Rights Governance in COVID-19 as An Example

NONG Yuqing

Abstract：  The human rights of low-skilled migrant workers in Southeast Asia have not been significantly improved for a long time. Poverty， poor working environment， crowded accommodation， insufficient medical security， and lack of attention make them vulnerable groups and easy targets for infectious diseases. The complexity of the issue， fragmentation of the governance system， and insufficient governance capacity are the reasons for the dilemma of human rights governance of migrant workers in Southeast Asia. The problem has been too long to improve. Illegal immigration， human trafficking， and transnational infectious diseases also hinder the governance of migrant workers' human rights. In terms of governance system， international norms on human rights of laborers are higher for Southeast Asian countries， and ASEAN has not carried out norm transformation， resulting in the maladjustment of international norms in Southeast Asia and a loose global governance system. In terms of governance capacity， the economies and resources of Southeast Asian countries are limited. As there are too many illegal immigrants， the burden of importing countries is too heavy to improve the human rights of migrant workers. The human rights situation of Southeast Asian immigrant workers in COVID-19 has been worsened， and unemployment and infection are serious. In addition， the internalization of transnational issues， the turnover risk， and the competition of different issues have increased the difficulty of governance in Southeast Asian countries. In order to alleviate the plight of human rights governance， importing countries should reduce the influx of illegal immigrants and pay attention to their living conditions. International organizations should deepen their understanding of Southeast Asia and put forward constructive suggestions. ASEAN should carry out normative transformation and provide substantive assistance to member states. Southeast Asian countries should improve their governance capacity and accumulate experience in multi-issue governance.

Key Words： Human Rights Governance of Migrant Workers in Southeast Asia; Issue of Human Rights; Southeast Asian Labor; COVID-19

国际移民包括入籍和未入籍的移民群体①，囊括了从高收入到低收入、高技术到低技术、教育程度高到低、合法到非法、社会地位高到低及居留时间长到短的不同移民群体。……