黄璐璐 金海洋 王站付 严瑾 顾见芹 顾艾节

摘要 为研究水稻减肥条件下配施有机肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响，选用“秋优金丰”为供试品种，开展了一季大田试验，共设4组12个肥料运筹处理，分别为常规施肥处理、减肥20%处理、缺氮减肥20%处理、减肥20%+有机肥梯度配施、缺氮减肥20%+有机肥梯度配施。结果表明，当减肥20%有机肥施用量达11 250 kg/hm2时，产量相比减肥20%的条件下提高了9%（P<0.01），氮肥利用率与农学效率分别达42.36%、8.10 kg/kg。有机肥施用量达15 000 kg/hm2时，产量仅比有机肥11 250 kg/hm2时提高了0.92%（P>0.05），氮素利用效率与农学效率也降低了14.73%（P<0.05）、3.5%（P>0.05）。因此，综合考虑水稻产量与氮素利用效率，建议在常规施肥基础上减肥20%，有机肥施用量为11 250 kg/hm2 为宜。

关键词 水稻;化肥减量;有机无机配施;产量;氮肥利用率

中图分类号 S511 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2021）01-0138-05

doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.01.037

Abstract In order to study the effects of organic fertilizer on rice yield and nitrogen efficiency under the fertilizer reduction，“Qiuyou jinfeng” was selected as the test variety for the one-season field trial.A total of four groups of 12 fertilizers combined were used for treatment，including conventional fertilization， fertilizer reduction of 20%，no-nitrogen and fertilizer reduction of 20%， fertilizer reduction of 20%+organic fertilizer combined application， no-nitrogen and fertilizer reduction of 20%+ organic fertilizer combined application. The results showed that the fertilizer was reduced by 20%， the fertilizer application amount reached 11 250 kg/hm2， the yield was increased by 9%（P<0.01） when the fertilizer was reduced by 20%. Nitrogen utilization rate and agronomic efficiency reached 42.36% and 8.10 kg/kg， respectively. When the application amount of organic fertilizer reached 15 000 kg/hm2， the yield was only 0.92% higher than that of organic fertilizer at 11 250 kg/hm2 （P>0.05）. The nitrogen utilization efficiency was also 14.73% lower than that of agricultural efficiency （P<0.05） and 3.5% lower than that of agricultural efficiency （P>0.05）.Therefore， considering rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency comprehensively， it is recommended to reduce the amount of fertilizer by 20% on the basis of conventional fertilization， and keep the application amount of organic fertilizer at about 11 250 kg /hm2.

Key words Paddy;Reduction of fertilizer application;Organic and chemical fertilizer combined;Yield;Nitrogen use efficiency

化學肥料作为重要的农业生产资源，在提高作物产量上起到重要作用[1]，但为片面追求作物产量而长期大量施用化肥容易出现土壤板结酸化，速效养分和有机质含量下降等问题[2]，导致肥料利用率下降，加剧农业面源污染，不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续发展。研究表明，有机肥能有效地培肥和改良土壤[3-5]，增加土壤养分、有机质含量以及土壤有益微生物数量，提高土壤肥力及酶活性[6-9]，很大程度地改善单施化肥对土壤带来的负面影响，同时也在一定程度上起到增产作用。

为减少化肥用量，提高化肥利用效率，减少农业面源污染，农业部发布了《到2020 年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》，上海市提出从2015年到2020年全市化肥用量减少20%的目标。研究表明单方面减肥不能很好地满足作物对肥料的持续需求，会导致一定程度的减产，有机肥与无机肥配合施用可协调平衡养分供应[10-11]，有利于作物生长，保证作物稳产。……