苹果幼园套种大豆模式对产量及农田环境的影响
2021-02-03屈洋王可珍康军科梁福琴
屈洋 王可珍 康军科 梁福琴
摘要:旨在为苹果幼园生产大豆提供依据。以‘秦豆12’为材料,果树行间套种5行(处理1)、4行(处理2)和3行(处理3)并以不套种为对照,探究不同处理条件下的大豆产量、農田土壤特性、杂草数量和农田小气候。结果表明:1龄、2龄和3龄果园中处理1、处理2和处理3产量分别最高,且随着树龄的增加,同一处理产量边际效应降低;与不套种大豆相比,套种大豆可使土壤容重降低8.33%,土壤含水量增加13.08%,土壤有机质、速效N和速效K分别提高16.67%、20.33%和9.35%,杂草减少58.10%和相对湿度增加4.47%,并可实现160.90%的利润率。苹果幼园套种大豆具有明显的经济效益和生态效应,1龄果园行间套种5行、2龄果园行间套种4行和3龄果园行间套种3行具有明显的产量和效益优势。
关键词:苹果幼园;大豆;种植模式;套种;产量;农田环境
中图分类号:S318文献标志码:A论文编号:cjas20200100005
Young Apple Orchard Intercropping Soybean: Effects on Soybean Yield and Farmland Environment
Qu Yang1, Wang Kezhen1, Kang Junke1, Liang Fuqin2
(1Baoji Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qishan 722499, Shannxi, China; 2Yanan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yanan 716000, Shannxi, China)
Abstract: The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for soybean production in the young apple orchards.‘Qindou 12’was used as material, and three treatments were set up, including intercropping 5 rows soybean(treatment 1), intercropping 4 rows soybean (treatment 2), intercropping 3 rows (treatment 3) and no intercropping as the control (CK). The soybean yield, soil traits, weed amount, and agricultural microclimate were studied in different treatment conditions. Results showed that treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3 had the highest yield in 1- year, 2- year, 3- year orchard, respectively. The yield marginal effect of the same treatment decreased as apple tree-age increased. Compared with CK, intercropping soybean in apple orchard decreased soil volume weight by 8.33%, increased soil moisture content by 13.08%, improved soil organic matter, available N, and available K by 16.67%, 20.33%, and 9.35%, respectively, reduced weed amount by 58.10%, increased the relative humidity by 4.47%, and obtained 160.90% of profit rate. Intercropping soybean in young apple orchard had obvious economic benefit and ecological efficiency, and significant advantages of yield and benefit were found when intercropping 5 rows soybean in 1-year orchard, intercropping 4 rows soybean in 2-year orchard, and intercropping 3 rows soybean in 3-year orchard.
Keywords: Young Apple Orchard; Soybean; Planting Pattern; Intercropping; Yield; Farmland Eenvironment
0引言
苹果是中国重要的果树种类之一,具有营养丰富、经济与储藏价值高,其主要种植在渤海湾地区、黄河古道地区,黄土高原地区和西南高原地区[1]。土壤肥沃的渭北黄土高原地区,以其光照足、海拔高等优越的自然条件造就了“色泽艳丽、果肉香脆、酸甜适度、耐储运”的优质苹果[2]。近年来,渭北黄土高原地区苹果产业迅速发展,果园面积达到59.75万hm2,新增苹果面积年均0.7万hm2,成为该地区果农收入的重要来源[3]。目前,随着老龄苹果园的升级改造和新建苹果园的标准化管理,矮砧标准化果园建设成为主导模式。这种模式种植行株距较宽,地面空隙较大,有利于机械化管理和自然资源的高效利用,但是单一的种植模式使投入成本增加、资源利用效率低和生态效益不明显,投入与产出的矛盾较为突出,未挂果的幼龄果园更甚。……
