张普

摘要：意思自治源自于契约自由，而又有别于契约自由。当事人可以基于契约自由将商事条约约定为合同的一部分，也可以基于意思自治将商事条约选择为准据法。虽然两种路径均能够实现条约的约定适用，但不同的法律基础导致二者在适用范围、条约查明与举证责任、条约的具体适用与解释等方面存在一定的差异。与契约自由路径相比，意思自治路径中当事人对商事条约约定适用的条件更为严格，但从司法效果来看，该路径更有利于商事条约的充分适用。

关键词：条约适用;约定适用;契约自由;意思自治

中图分类号：D997文献标志码：A

文章编号：2096-028X（2021）04-0100-10

The application of commercial treaty based on agreement：

the dual path of freedom of contract and autonomy

ZHANG Pu

（School of Law，Tsinghua University，Beijing 100084，China）

Abstract：Autonomy originates from freedom of contract， but differs from it as well. With the freedom of contract， the parties can incorporate the commercial treaty into the contract. Based on autonomy， the parties can select the commercial treaty as the applicable law. Although the parties can realize the application of commercial treaties through both freedom of contract and autonomy， different legal bases of the two paths lead to differences in the scope of application， treaty identification and burden of proof， and specific application and interpretation of the treaty. Compared with the path of freedom of contract， if the parties choose the path of autonomy， they will have more strict conditions for the application of commercial treaty， but from the perspective of judicial effect， this path of autonomy is more conducive to the full application of commercial treaty.

Key words：application of the treaty; application from agreement; freedom of contract; autonomy

一、問题的提出

随着商事条约的不断完善和发展，当事人约定适用条约的现象十分常见。商事条约能否被当事人选择成为准据法是国际法领域争议较大的问题之一。对于该问题，传统国际私法理论持否定态度。然而，受国际商事仲裁的影响，近年来国际上也出现了承认当事人选择商事条约作为准据法的观点和立法动向。就中国法律体系而言，对于条约适用问题的规定一直模糊不清，[1]而对于商事条约能否被当事人选择成为准据法的具体问题更无明确规定。总体上讲，中国学界不乏秉持传统国际私法理论的观点，但是司法实践却呈现出认可当事人选择商事条约为准据法的态势。

基于对私法自治原则的坚持和善意适用条约的国际法义务，在当事人约定适用条约的情况下，法院应当积极考虑适用条约。……