杨丽美 郝洁

摘要：《中华人民共和国海警法》已颁布实施，解决了中国海警局行使海上维权执法职权的法律依据问题，具有里程碑意义。但在履职实践中，中国海警局并非笃定泰山，主要原因在于相关制度缺乏深厚的历史沉淀和科学的行政主体理论，由军事力量行使海上执法职权尚未形成自由运行的逻辑链条。在相关法律制度设计上，《中华人民共和国海警法》采用了原则式的立法技术，具体规则阙如或简单采用引致性规范，造成了履职上的障碍。为矫此弊，尝试从体系性的角度解读《中华人民共和国海警法》关于中国海警局属性的定位，运用行政职权行政主体理论厘定其维权执法基本脉络，并以实践难点与热点为中心，就法律的运行保障制度提出完善建言，以保障法律自治与自洽。

关键词：中国海警局;行政职权;行政主体理论;公法法人三特定原则

中图分类号：D922.14文献标志码：A

文章编号：2096-028X（2021）04-0071-09

Interpretation and comment on the legal system of China Coast Guard

from the perspective of Coast Guard Law of the Peoples Republic of China

YANG Li-mei1，HAO Jie2

（1.Department of Military and Political Training，Special Police College of Chinese Peoples Armed Police Force，Beijing 102200，

China;2.Legal Research Institute，Research Institute of Chinese Peoples Armed Police Force，Beijing 100101，China）

Abstract：Coast Guard Law of the Peoples Republic of China has now come into force， which provides the legal basis for China Coast Guard to conduct activities of maritime rights protection and law enforcement and has the significance of a milestone. However， China Coast Guard has no firm confidence in the practice of exercising such duties. The main reason includes the lack of profound historical precipitation and scientific theory of administrative subject. A freely operated logical chain to exercise maritime law enforcement by military forces has not yet been formed. In the design of relevant legal system， Coast Guard Law of the Peoples Republic of China adopts the principled legislation technology， lacks specific rules or simply adopts causative norms， posing obstacles to the performance of duties. In order to correct this shortcoming， this paper attempts to interpret China Coast Guards position regulated by Coast Guard Law of the Peoples Republic of China from a systematic point of view， uses the theory of administrative authority and administrative subject to determine the basic context of its rights protection and law enforcement and puts forward some suggestions on the improvement of the legal operation guarantee system centering on the practical difficulties and hot spots， so as to ensure the autonomy and self-consistency of the law.

Key words：China Coast Guard;administrative authority;the theory of administrative subject;three specific principles of legal person in public law

2021年1月22日《中華人民共和国海警法》（简称《海警法》）颁布实施，“海上维权执法权”一度成为开年热词，引起了美日等国政府的高度关注，掀起了国内理论界的广泛讨论。而何为海上维权执法权却众说纷纭①。从历史主义和实证主义的分析来看，海上维权执法权属实质上的行政权，这也是英美法系和大陆法系相关理论的通说。[1-3]但在实务上，不同于狭义行政执法权的行使，世界主要海洋国家根据海上维权执法实践的特点②纷纷成立专门机关专职行使海上维权执法权。……