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正念训练对优秀射箭运动员比赛期焦虑的影响:来自HRV的证据

2021-01-03吴尽王骏昇贾坤郭丞尹军

首都体育学院学报 2021年6期
关键词:焦虑

吴尽 王骏昇 贾坤 郭丞 尹军

摘    要:考察正念训练方法缓解比赛期优秀射箭运动员紧张情绪和焦虑状态的作用,为我国射箭队备战重要国际大赛提供新手段和新方法。方法:选取国家射箭队26名运动员,随机分成实验组和对照组,12周干预前后,对2组被试比赛期静息态心率变异性(HRV)指标、焦虑情绪和疲劳状态进行测评和分析。结果:2组运动员HRV指标中的HF(p<0.05)、LF/HF(p<0.05)存在显著差异性,“心境状态量表”中的焦虑分量表评分结果具有显著差异性(p<0.05)。结论:正念训练能够显著增强比赛期优秀射箭运动员副交感神经系统活性,维持植物神经系统的动态平衡性,降低优秀射箭运动员比赛期焦虑水平,改善比赛期心理状态,有助于提升优秀射箭运动员比赛期的运动表现。

关键词:正念训练;射箭;射箭运动员;心境状态;心率变异性;焦虑;疲劳

中图分类号:G 804.86          学科代码:040302           文献标识码:A

Abstract:The paper provides new means and methods for China’s archery team to prepare for important international competitions by analyzing the impact of mindfulness training in alleviating the tension and anxiety of elite archers during the competition. Method: 26 Chinese national archers were randomly divided into both experimental and control groups. In-game indicators of HRV, anxiety, and fatigue of the two groups were measured and analyzed around the 12 weeks of intervention. Results: There were significant differences in HF (p<0.05) and LF/HF (p<0.05) in HRV indicators between the two groups, and there were significant differences in the scores of anxiety subscale of the Profile of Mood States(p<0.05). Conclusion: The mindfulness training can significantly enhance the activity of parasympathetic nervous system and dynamic regulation between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems of in-game archers, alleviate their in-game anxiety, improve the psychological state during the competition, and help to improve the in-game performance of excellent archers.

Keywords:mindfulness training; archery; archers; mindset; heart rate variability (HRV); anxiety; fatigue

焦慮是高水平运动员赛前面临的主要心理问题之一,其与运动成绩的关系一直是竞技体育领域的研究热点。关于焦虑如何影响运动成绩,已有多种理论从不同角度进行了解释。例如:倒U型假说[1]、挑战-威胁理论[2]等。运动员焦虑可以通过主观量表评估,也可以通过心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)指标客观反映。HRV是窦性心率在特定时间内变化的现象,既可以客观反映交感神经系统(sympathetic nervous system,SNS)与副交感神经系统(parasympathetic nervous system,PNS)的平衡情况[3-4],也可以作为情绪反应的生理指标,是一种量化运动员赛前主观意识状态的客观手段。有研究表……

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