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三相八开关容错逆变器的PMSM驱动系统FCS-MPC策略

2019-07-22张斌许伟奇戴乾军

电机与控制学报 2019年6期
关键词:永磁同步电机

张斌 许伟奇 戴乾军

摘 要关键词:三相八开关容错逆变器;有限控制集模型预测控制;扩张状态观测器;永磁同步电机;开关频率

DOI:10.15938/j.emc.2019.06.000

中图分类号文献标志码:A 文章编号:1007 -449X(2019)06 -0000 -00

Abstract:The operation mode of driving system under fault conditions is studied aiming at the single bridge arm fault and unbalanced bus voltage dividing of PNC threelevel inverter, a drive control strategy is proposed for three phases eightswitch faulttolerant inverter (TPESFTI) with current feedback characteristics, and its topology and output voltage model are constructed.Combined model predictive control theory with extended state observer (ESO) technology, a finite control set model predictive control is proposed for PMSM systems Driven by three phase eightswitch faulttolerant inverter. Considering the influence of system parameter changes on the back EMF, an observer is designed by extended state observer(ESO) technology to realize the realtime estimation of the back EMF. At the same time, the nonlinear constraint term of the objective function in FCSMPC is used to reduce the switching frequency of the inverter. The simulation results show that the control strategy can ensure the reliable and stable operation of TPESFTI drive PMSM system, which can not only effectively suppress the adverse effect resulting from the unbalance of DC link capacitor voltages on the system and reduce switching loss, but also with good dynamic performance as well as strong load resistance and robustness .

Keywords: threephase eightswitch faulttolerant inverter; finite control set model predictive control; extended state observe; permanent magnet synchronous; switch frequency

0 引 言

1981年Naba A等[1]学者对三电平逆变器(neutral point clamped, NPC)进行深入地研究分析,并获得了其拓扑结构和空间电压矢量。与常规三相两电平相比,三相NPC型三电平逆变器具备优良的谐波频谱,较小的功率管承电压力和开关损耗以及高效性等显著优势;因此,在交流电机驱动领域应用最为广泛[2-11]。由于NPC型三电平逆变器结构需要更多的功率管器件,从而会导致其可靠性降低,一旦某桥臂故障(即短路和断路)时将会使驱动系统停止运行,甚至会影响其他系统的安全运行,并且造成不可估量的经济损失[12]。在某些交流传动控制领域中对驱动系统的可靠性要求较高,即使逆变器发生故障时,系统仍能持续稳定运行。因此,为了提高三电平逆变器驱动系统的可靠性,将对其容错控制技术的研究具有更重要意义。

近些年来,海内外学者对三电平逆变器的容错控制进行深入研究,目前,NPC型三电平逆变器的容错控制技术成为热门的研究课题[13-21]。NPC型三电平逆变器的任何一桥臂发生短路或断路时,最常用的两种容错控制拓扑结构为:“三桥臂”和“四桥臂”[20]。文献[13-18]采用的是三橋臂容错拓扑结构的方法;其实质是逆变器的某一桥臂故障时,在不需要增添冗余主桥臂基础上,将连接故障桥臂相和直流母线两电容中点,即为三相八开关逆变器(threephases eightswitch Inverter,TPESI)的容错控制策略。文献[19-21]采取的是四桥臂容错拓扑结构的方法;其方法是在原有逆变器的基础之上增添一个结构完全相同的冗余主桥壁,若逆变器的某桥臂出现故障,故障桥臂相则会被冗余主桥臂所替代,其工作原理与三相十二开关逆变器(threephase twelveswitch inverter, TPTSI)的运行相同;但是由于该驱动系统的功率管数目增加,容易降低整个控制系统的可靠性,并且显著地增加了系统的成本。相比四桥臂容错拓扑结构的方法,TPESI容错控制(即三桥臂容错拓扑结构的方法)具有结构简单、成本低等特点。在三相八开关容错逆变器(threephase eightswitch fault tolerant inverter, TPESFTI)的驱动系统中直流母线电容分压不均衡时,该驱动系统输出信号(即电压和电流)的谐波含量高,将会导致系统的控制性能降低。基于上述问题的分析,文献[18]研究分析了TPESFTI直流侧两电容电压波动(即分压不均衡)机理,并采用注入零序电压来抑制其波动。因此,对TPESFTI的电容电压不平衡进行抑制具有重要的研究意义。

永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM)具备简单易行、效率高和功率因数大等突出优势[3];因此,近年來学者们致力于在航天、工业机器人和数控机床等领域引起广泛关注和研究。最常用的PMSM系统的控制策略有直接转矩控制(direct torque control, DTC)法和矢量控制(field oriental control, FOC)方法两类。随后,一种高效可靠的有限控制集模型预测控制(finite control set model predictive control, FCSMPC)策略相继被提出[22-23]。与FOC和DTC策略相比,FCSMPC具有良好的动态性能,简单易行,并且能够有效地解决非约束项等问题[24-25]。传统FCSMPC需要在一个采样时刻(即采样周期)预测出逆变器所有效电压矢量下的开关状态变量,从而寻找出最佳的开关状态;但其运算量大将成为在交流电机领域广泛应用的主要瓶颈[14]。为了解决上述问题,张永昌等[28]提出了一种改进型的电流模型用预测控制策略,其不仅能够相应地降低系统计算量,而且补偿了系统的延时;该控制策略利用过去时刻的电压、电流来预测系统的反电动势项;但是当系统内部不确定项(即电机参数)发生突变时,反电动势项的精确性将直接影响控制系统的动态性能。

4 结 论

本文研究了PNC型三电平逆变器单桥臂故障和母线电压分压不均衡等条件下的永磁同步PMSM有限控制集模型预测控制策略。针对PNC型三电平逆变器单桥臂故障和母线电压分压不均衡等问题,将电流反馈特性应用到三相八开关容错逆变器(TPESFTI)的驱动控制中;考虑系统参数变化对反电动势的影响,构造出基于ESO的反电动势辨识方法;为了降低逆变器的开关频率,通过在FCSMPC中的目标函数添加非线性约束来实现。仿真结果表明,该控制策略能够保证TPESFTI的PMSM驱动系统可靠稳定运行,并且能够有效地抑制直流侧母线电容分压不均对系统的影响以及降低驱动逆变器的开关损耗,同时提高了控制系统的动态性能。

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