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对赌协议的法律性质分析

2018-11-05焦蕾

对外经贸 2018年5期

[摘 要]对多年来,随着中国大陆的私人公司投资、上市规模的不断扩大与深化,以及相关对赌协议在实践中产生的利弊与法律争议,对赌协议已经成为学术研究的热点。对赌协议具有射幸合同的构成要件和特征,属于射幸合同。对赌协议的本质是对被投资企业价值的重新评估,同时,它不符合赌博性质的射幸合同的特点,因此,不应当为法律所禁止。

[关键词]对赌协议;射幸合同;附条件合同

[中图分类号]D92

[文献标识码]A

[文章编号]2095-3283(2018)05-0134-03

Abstract: Gambling agreement,also known as the Valuation Adjustment Mechanism. Generally, it is an agreement based on the company performance of private equity between the investors and the founding shareholders (or the management shareholders). For many years, with the expansion and deepening of the investment in public corporation in mainland China, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the relevant gambling agreements arouse in practice and the legal disputes, the gambling agreement has become a hot topic in the academic research. The gambling agreement has the elements and characteristics of the aleatory contract, and belongs to the aleatory contract. The essence of the gambling agreement is the reassessment of the value of the invested enterprise; at the same time, it does not correspond to the characteristics of the gambling nature of the aleatory contract. Therefore, it should not be prohibited by law.

Keywords: Valuation Adjustment Mechanism;Aleatory Contract;Conditional Contract

[作者簡介]焦蕾(1995-),女,汉族,江西南昌人,硕士研究生,研究方向:国际经济法。

一、现有关于对赌协议研究的不足

对赌协议,又称估值调整机制(Valuation Adjustment Mechanism, VAM),是一种基于公司业绩而在私募股权投资(Private Equity, PE)的投资方和作为融资方的公司创始股东(或管理层股东)之间进行股权调整的约定。

民营企业在金融危机后很难获得融资,因此,它们需要对赌协议来减少融资过程中的风险,增加公司的融资效率。私人公司投资、上市规模的不断扩大,以及相关对赌协议在实践中产生的利弊与法律争议,使对赌协议成为学术研究的热点。然而,现有的研究成果存在以下缺陷:

(一)对对赌协议的认识不全面

既有研究对对赌协议的分析主要纠结于对赌协议的法律性质——是射幸合同还是附条件合同,如对赌协议标志性案件苏州工业园区海富投资有限公司与甘肃世恒有色资源再利用有限公司、香港迪亚有限公司、陆波增资纠纷案。然而,对赌协议中的“筹码”,不仅需要考虑公司中股权的因素,而且需要将“现金,某种形式的优先权、期权认购权、资产等计入考量。……

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