宋玉波

摘要：針对人性问题，告子与孟子进行了多次论辩，对论辩内容所涉及的儒家伦理进行分析论证，来探索孟子学说在具体的生活实践中所具有的原则和策略。研究认为，孟子从仁义内在的立场出发，对告子人性论观念提出批评，其主要凸显的是意向关联性与非观察者姿态的人之存在的本质，这一看法是儒家学说的人文内核；孟子用道德本能将自然与人文有机地统一在一起，否定告子认为的人性无确然的定体观点，王夫之将孟子这一思想进一步阐释为“天命自然之理”，孟子对自然观念的深度改造与汲取，奠定了中华文化中强调态势、关系性的发展基调；孟子用仁义礼智表示人性固有的道德本能，以“嫂溺援之以手”表达恻隐之心优先原则，用道德情感优先能够给予人的良知良能以一以贯之的实现，这与西方哲学中特殊情境下注重优先原则有同样深远的考虑。告子与孟子等历史时期的儒家伦理争鸣表明，儒家学说强调人文化成的意义，在更高的层面上对自然观念加以升华悉收，这是中国文化能够稳定平衡发展的关键所在，当前需要对儒家思想进行更为深刻全面的把握，对孟子以及儒家思想加以契合时代要求的反思与改进。

关键词：人性；人文；自然；优先原则；道德本能

中图分类号：B222.5

文献标志码：A文章编号：16716248（2017）03001509

[GK-2！-2]

Reflection on Mencius thoughts and Confucian ethics

SONG Yubo

（Institute of Chinese Ideological Culture， Northwest University， Xian 710069， Shaanxi， China）

Abstract： Gaozi and Mencius debated a lot of times on human nature. This paper analyzed Confucian ethics involved in the content they debated， aiming to explore the principles and strategies of Mencius thoughts in specific life practice. The results show that Mencius criticism on Gaozis thought of human nature from the perspective of righteousness highlights intention relevance and the nature of existence as a nonobserver， which is the humanity core of Confucianism. Mencius uses moral instinct to unify nature and humanity organically， and negates Gaozis idea that human nature is uncertain. This point of view is interpreted by WANG Fuzhi as the natural principle of the mandate of heaven. Mencius improvement on the idea of nature set the keynote for Chinese culture on the emphasis of development situation and connectivity. Mencius uses four cardinal virtues to interpret the moral instinct in human nature， including humanity， justice， propriety and wisdom， expresses the priority principle of compassion by use of “lending a helping hand”， and gives priority to moral sentiment to realize the innate goodness and ability instinct of human beings. Such profound consideration is consistent with the principle of priority in special situation in western philosophy. The debate on Confucian ethics between Gaozi and Mencius suggests that Confucianism emphasizes the significance of humanization， sublimates the idea of nature in a higher level， which is the key to ensure that Chinese culture develops stably and evenly. Currently， there is a great need to grasp the core of Confucianism more comprehensively and profoundly， and to reflect on and improve Mencius thought and Confucianism， making them satisfy the requirement of the time.

Key words： human nature； humanity； nature； priority principle； moral instinct

[GK-2！-2]

人性问题，乃中国思想史上一大问题。孟子人性善说地位尤为重要。如何对这一学说加深认识，学界已有众多的成果。……