董金裕

摘要：春秋时代穆叔（叔孙豹）提出立德、立功、立言的“三不朽”之说，但并未对此作进一步的解说，尤其三者的主次、属性等均是长期以来存在的问题，通过文献分析和比较论证对三者的意涵界定和关联进行研究。研究认为，穆叔在提出“三不朽”时三者是并列关系，并无高下之分；孔颖达在注疏《左传》时明显地认为立德高于立功、立言又可能在立功之下；钱穆等则认为立德较高，其余二者不分轩轾；倘若从儒家重德的立场来看，立德当属最高，立德、立言皆应受德的制约，且二者只要遵循德的制约，性质难以区分高下。“三不朽”需要一个人在生前完成，是重在现实社会与社会群体，属性是入世的；“三不朽”所谓不朽，仍有时空的限制，与所立之德、功、言的影响有关，属性是重质量的；不朽还存在一些恶的形象，“三不朽”意在鼓励积极向上的正面意义，属性是正面的。可见，“三不朽”是人人皆可企及的，是有益于社会群体的，其在中国思想文化发展中是大众追求的人文精神，也是文学艺术创作所追求的目标。

关键词：立德；立功；立言；《左传》；孔颖达；钱穆；人文精神

中图分类号：B82

文献标志码：A文章编号：16716248（2017）03000807

The interconnection of “three immortality” and its attribute

[STBZ]DONG Jinyu

（Department of Chinese literature， National Chengchi University， Taipei 11605， Taiwan， China）

Abstract： In the Spring and Autumn Period， Mu Shu put forward “three immortality” including Li De （achieving morality）， Li Gong （making contributions）， and Li Yan （making insights）， but didnt make any further explanation about it， especially the priority and the attribute， which is an existing problem for a long time. This paper studied the connotation and interconnection among the three parts through literature review and comparisons. The results show that the three parts put forward by Mu Shu are coordinative in importance at the earliest time； KONG Yingda thinks Li De is more important than LI Gong and Li Yan is less important that Li Gong in his annotation of Zuo Zhuan； QIAN Mu thinks Li De is more important than the other two. From the perspective of Confucianism， Li De is the most important and restricts the other two. “Three immortality” is to be accomplished during ones lifetime， stressing realistic society and social community， so its attribute is realistic. “Three immortality”， restricted by time and space， is related to the influence of De， Gong， Yan， so its attribute focuses on quality. Some evil images still exist in immortality and “three immortality” is meant to promote the positive significance， so its attribute is positive. Its concluded that “three immortality” can be achieved by everyone and is good to social community， which is not only the humanistic spirit pursued by the mass in the development of Chinese ideology and culture， but also the aim of literature and artistic creation.

Key words： Li De （achieving morality）； Li Gong （making contributions）； Li Yan （making insights）； Zuo Zhuan； KONG Yingda； QIAN Mu； humanistic spirit

[GK-2！-2]

《禮记·曲礼》历述人生的历程，从“人生十年曰幼”开始，直到“八十九十曰耄”“百年曰期”[1]而止，可见人生在世最长难以超过百岁光阴。现代人拜生活条件较以往优裕、医疗保健较以往先进之赐，享年超过百岁者日益增多。尽管年寿已较前延长许多，但终究免不了死亡腐朽，因此自古至今即有各种追求不朽的说法出现：或以为人死之后，只要处置得宜则可以复活；……