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黑水城文献所见元代亦集乃路的机构建制与运作机制

2017-06-09杜立晖

敦煌研究 2017年2期

杜立晖

内容摘要:由黑水城文献发现,元代亦集乃路的职能部门由“五房”而非“六房”构成,其大部分司属机构按元廷规定建制,少部分是据实际情况设置的。该路农村的基层组织有渠社制和所屯制两种建制。该路行政机构的运作,至少存在“总府决断、诸房组织、司属实施”以及“总府直接处置与司属越级呈报”等两种机制。

关键词:黑水城文献;元代;亦集乃路;机构建制;行政运作

中图分类号:G256.1;K207 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2017)02-0125-10

Abstract: According to documents found at Khara-Khoto, the functional departments of Ejin Prefecture in the Yuan dynasty consisted of “five houses”rather than six, and most divisional organizations were established according to the regulations of the Yuan court, while only a few were set up according to circumstantial conditions. Within the prefecture, the primary village organizations were divided into canal-community and garrison-based community systems. There were also two different administrative operations in the prefecture, namely“the governors office making decisions, the houses organizing, and the divisional organizations implementing”and“the governors officer directly taking charge of the affairs and the divisional organizations reporting to him, by passing their immediate leadership.”

Keywords: Khara-Khoto documents; Yuan dynasty; Ejin Prefecture; organizational system; administration operation

涉及元代亦集乃路的大量黑水城文獻的问世,为认识和了解该路行政机构的建制及其运作机制,提供了丰富的第一手资料。

对于亦集乃路总管府的机构建制情况,李逸友先生对该路总管府的官员设置、诸“房”的构成及功能、司吏的类型、司属的构成等问题进行了说明[1]。对于该路的基层组织机构,李先生则指出其存在“坊巷和渠社”的设置[1]16。李先生的论述为学界了解亦集乃路的机构建制情况提供了帮助,但仍有探讨空间,如亦集乃路总管府的诸“房”的数量,该路司属的构成以及基层组织机构的建制问题等。此外,关于亦集乃路总管府的机构运作情况,也值得专门研究。

因此,本文拟在前人研究基础上,对上述问题略陈管见,不确之处,祈请方家批评指正。

一 亦集乃路中层行政机构的建制

亦集乃路总管府是该路的最高行政机构,李逸友先生已指出,该路总管府的设官情况与《元史·百官志》“诸路总管府”条的记载基本相同,只是吏员中的提控案牍在部分黑水城文书中记载为“兼行职衔”,这与《元史》所载略有出入[1]13-14。……

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