APP下载

试论高昌地面佛寺的类型与分期

2017-06-09夏立栋

敦煌研究 2017年2期

夏立栋

内容摘要:高昌地面佛寺呈现出以佛殿为中心、以塔庙为中心和前殿后塔式布局三条基本的演变谱系,其形制布局、壁画题材、装饰纹样、墨书榜题可与当地及龟兹、焉耆、河西等地石窟寺院、地面佛寺比对者良多。本文所论高昌地面佛寺分别营造于5世纪前期、6世纪后半至8世纪初、9世纪末至10世纪中叶、西夏至元代四个时期。各谱系寺院在不同时段的影响源流不断变迁。

关键词:高昌;地面佛寺;类型;分期

中图分类号:K879.29 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2017)02-0084-08

Abstract: The Buddhist temples in Khocho include three basic systems of construction, meditation-centered, chaitya-centered, and the pattern of meditation before a stupa. The structural forms, themes of mural paintings, and decorative patterns and inscriptions in these types of temples can further be compared with those in cave temples in Qiuci, Karashahr, and the Hexi regions. The temples discussed in this paper were constructed over four periods of time, namely the early 5th century, the late 6th to the 8th century, from the late 9th to the middle of the 10th century, and from the Western Xia to the Yuan dynasty. This paper discusses the origins, developments, and influences of the temples of different systems in different periods.

Keywords: Khocho; temple; classification; periodization

高昌地面佛寺遗址{1}主要分布于高昌故城、交河故城、胜金口和小阿萨遗址。据格伦威德尔所记,高昌故城原存佛教遗迹64处,胜金口原存地面佛寺9处。另据李肖调查,交河故城现存地面佛寺20处。贾应逸从形制布局的角度,将交河故城寺院遗址划分为具备组合关系的建筑群与单体佛堂两类,分别对“殿堂”和“主殿中的基座”以平面形制的不同进行类型划分,并推测了几处寺院遗址的大致年代[1]。李肖将交河故城地面佛寺分为五种类型,另对E5、E6、E7等寺院的营造年代进行讨论[2]。限于考古材料,学者仅对高昌少数地面佛寺进行了年代推定。高昌故城Z寺佛殿绘塑题材明确,佛殿、佛塔与青藏、敦煌地区同类佛塔形制相近,营建年代被确定为西夏至元代[3]。M寺因出土《凉王大且渠安周造祠碑》,寺院年代为445年前后[4]。孟凡人通过对寺院出土遗物年代的判定,认为高昌故城中存在一批营建于唐西州至回鹘时期的地面佛寺[5]。……

登录APP查看全文