内容摘要：瓜州锁阳城塔尔寺遗址大塔，学界认定为西夏之物，并推定其前身为中华十九座舍利塔之一的瓜州塔。据载，瓜州塔建立于北周时期，但那时的瓜州其实是敦煌，治所在沙州古城，与今天的瓜州同名而异地。“瓜州塔”建于崇教寺，即今莫高窟，与瓜州锁阳城塔尔寺遗址大塔无干；榆林窟第15、16窟所见阿育王寺，应为山丹或武威的阿育王寺，绝非锁阳城塔尔寺；瓜州锁阳城现存大塔具有明显的藏传佛教特征，但没有证据可将之断代于西夏，相反，塔尔寺遗址发现的西夏文六字真言残片恰巧可以证明该寺为元代之遗存，因为六字真言独立作为藏传佛教供奉对象，并逐步流行全国，是从元代开始的。根据各种迹象，可以把今天所见藏传佛教风格塔尔寺塔的修建时代，推定在1276年或1289年之后不久。

关键词：瓜州塔；塔尔寺；莫高窟；藏传佛教；西夏

中图分类号：K878.6 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2017）02-0092-09

Abstract： The great pagoda in the site of the Taer Temple at Suoyang in Guazhou has been identified as a Western Xia pagoda that was formerly known to Chinese academics as“Guazhou Pagoda，”one of 19 famous stupas in China. According to historical records， it was constructed in the Northern Zhou dynasty， when Guazhou meant Dunhuang， and the governmental seat was ancient Shazhou city， a different place with the same name.“Guazou Pagoda”was built in Chongjiao Temple of todays Mogao Grottoes， which has nothing to do with the great pagoda in the site of the Taer Temple. The“Asoka Temple”seen in caves 15 and 16 at the Yulin Grottoes should in fact be located in Shandan or Wuwei instead of the Taer Temple. The pagoda at Suoyang city is of obvious Tibetan Buddhist style， and no evidence suggests it dates back to the Western Xia period， whereas a fragment with a six syllable mantra found at the site of the Taer Temple connects it to the Yuan dynasty. According to various clues， it can be inferred that the Taer Temple of Tibetan Buddhist style was likely constructed in 1276 or 1289 slightly later.

Keywords： Guazou Pagoda； Taer Temple； Mogao Grottoes； Tibetan Buddhism； Western Xia

今甘肃省瓜州县城东70公里处有锁阳城遗址，遗址东1公里处有塔尔寺遗址。寺门南开，现仅存残基。东西两侧残存鼓楼及钟楼建筑台基和僧房遗址。寺院平面呈长方形，东西长146.41米，南北宽104.45米，面积15292.5平方米。寺院前部现有大型庙宇建筑台基，残存大塔1座，残高14.5米，用土坯砌成，白灰抹面，塔身上部为覆钵式结构，大塔北侧残存小塔11座。整个建筑中轴对称，与中原一带寺院如出一辙。塔型庄严雄浑，十分壮观[1，2]。其中的大塔，又称白塔，亦即本文所谓的瓜州塔。

一 瓜州塔与中华十九塔无干